Glucagon is a natural hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. It counteracts the effects of insulin, maintaining glucose balance within the body. When blood sugar drops too low, glucagon acts as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia. This article focuses on the subcutaneous form of glucagon, administered under the skin.
What is Subcutaneous Glucagon?
Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It signals the liver to convert stored glucose (glycogen) into usable glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream to raise blood sugar levels. Subcutaneous administration allows rapid absorption, making it effective in emergencies when a person cannot take anything by mouth. This medication is available by prescription only.
When to Use Subcutaneous Glucagon
Subcutaneous glucagon is used for severe hypoglycemia, when blood sugar levels drop dangerously low. This emergency treatment is indicated if an individual is unconscious, unresponsive, seizing, or unable to safely swallow sugary foods or drinks. Untreated severe hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications. Glucagon is not for routine blood sugar management, but for acute, severe drops in glucose.
How to Administer Subcutaneous Glucagon
Administering subcutaneous glucagon requires careful attention to the kit’s specific instructions, as variations exist between brands. Typically, the process involves reconstituting a powder with a diluent liquid, then drawing the mixture into a syringe. Once prepared, select an appropriate injection site, such as the outer thigh, upper arm, or buttocks. Clean the area with an alcohol swab and pinch a fold of skin. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, push the plunger to deliver the medication, then carefully withdraw the needle and dispose of the syringe safely in a sharps container.
After Subcutaneous Glucagon Administration
After a subcutaneous glucagon injection, the individual should typically regain consciousness and responsiveness within 10 to 15 minutes. Once awake and able to swallow safely, provide fast-acting carbohydrates like fruit juice, regular soda, or glucose tablets to quickly replenish blood sugar. Following this, offer a longer-acting carbohydrate and protein snack or meal to help prevent another drop. Temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or headache may occur. Remain with the person until they have fully recovered.
Important Considerations
Proper storage of glucagon kits is important to maintain effectiveness; kits should generally be stored at room temperature, following manufacturer’s instructions and avoiding extreme heat or cold. Regularly check the expiration date and replace kits before they expire to ensure readiness for an emergency. If the person does not respond within 15 minutes of injection, or if another severe episode occurs, contact emergency medical services immediately. Family members, caregivers, and relevant personnel at school or work should be educated on how and when to use glucagon. Ongoing medical follow-up for diabetes management is also necessary to help prevent future severe hypoglycemic events.