Viral gastroenteritis, commonly called a stomach virus, is an infection of the stomach and intestines that causes symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. While the illness is usually short-lived, it raises specific concerns during pregnancy due to the body’s increased demands. It is important to distinguish between mild symptoms and those that require immediate medical consultation.
Managing Mild Symptoms at Home
When symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are mild, home management focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement. The primary goal is preventing dehydration, which is a greater concern during pregnancy. You should sip small amounts of clear fluids constantly, ideally every five to ten minutes, even if you are struggling with nausea. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are formulated to replace the salts and sugars lost through vomiting and diarrhea more effectively than plain water. Sports drinks can also be used, but dilute them or choose a low-sugar option, as excessive sugar can sometimes worsen diarrhea.
Rest is necessary to allow the body to recover. When you feel ready to eat, begin with small amounts of bland, easily digestible foods. Examples include crackers, rice, bananas, dry toast, or potatoes, which are low in fiber and fat. Avoid dairy products, fatty foods, and heavily seasoned meals until your symptoms have fully resolved. This approach is only suitable if symptoms are not severe and last no longer than about 48 hours.
Immediate Warning Signs for Medical Intervention
Severe dehydration is the most significant risk posed by a stomach virus during pregnancy and requires immediate medical attention. Contact your healthcare provider if you are unable to keep any liquids down for 12 hours or more, or if you have not urinated in eight hours. Other signs of severe fluid loss include:
- Extreme thirst
- Dark yellow or amber urine
- A rapid heartbeat
- Lightheadedness or dizziness, especially upon standing
A temperature that reaches 100.4°F (38°C) or higher also requires a call to your doctor, as sustained fever can be dangerous. Fever must be controlled promptly, often with acetaminophen, to minimize potential risks. Seek immediate medical evaluation for any severe, persistent abdominal pain, intense cramping, or uterine contractions, particularly if accompanied by vaginal bleeding or fluid leakage.
You should also seek prompt medical care if you notice a significant change in your baby’s pattern of movement. Symptoms that show no improvement, or actively worsen, after 48 hours of home care also signal the need for a professional assessment and possibly intravenous fluid replacement.
Understanding Fetal Risk
While the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis feel concerning, the virus itself typically does not cross the placental barrier to directly infect the fetus. The primary risk to the baby is an indirect result of the mother’s systemic response to the illness, mainly through dehydration and fever. Maternal dehydration reduces the overall volume of blood circulating in the body, which can decrease blood flow and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the placenta.
Severe dehydration can also trigger uterine irritability, leading to Braxton-Hicks contractions or even preterm labor, especially in the second or third trimester. Fever presents another risk, as a high or prolonged temperature can be associated with complications, including an increased risk of neural tube defects if it occurs in the first trimester. Therefore, controlling fever and maintaining hydration are the most effective ways to protect the developing baby.
Brief periods of reduced food intake are generally not harmful to the fetus, as the baby will draw what is necessary from the mother’s reserves. However, a prolonged inability to eat or drink due to severe, untreated illness can lead to maternal nutrient depletion, which may temporarily slow fetal growth. Prompt medical intervention to address severe dehydration and high fever is the best strategy to ensure the pregnancy continues without complication.