A steam burn is a type of scald caused by exposure to hot water vapor. These are common household injuries, often occurring from the sudden release of steam from cooking pots, kettles, microwaved foods, or clothing irons. While contact with steam might seem fleeting, it can cause significant injury.
Why Steam Burns Are Deceptive
Steam transfers a large amount of heat to the skin very quickly. When steam makes contact with the cooler surface of the skin, it immediately condenses back into liquid water. This phase change releases a significant amount of stored energy, known as latent heat of vaporization, directly into the tissue.
This process means steam at 100°C (212°F) can cause a more severe burn than boiling water at the same temperature. Steam transfers heat from both its high temperature and the additional energy released during condensation, which can damage deeper layers of skin, even if the initial surface injury appears minor.
Immediate First Aid for Steam Burns
First, safely move the person away from the steam source. Immediately begin cooling the affected skin under cool or lukewarm running water. Do not use ice, iced water, or greasy substances like butter, as these can worsen the damage.
Continue cooling the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes to stop the burning process. Gently remove any jewelry or clothing from around the burned area. Do not attempt to remove anything stuck to the skin, as this can cause more damage.
Assessing the Burn and Home Care
After cooling, you can assess the burn to determine if home care is appropriate. Minor burns, such as first-degree burns that are red and painful, or small second-degree burns with blistering, can often be managed at home. These burns affect an area smaller than the palm of your hand.
- Gently clean the burn with mild soap and water.
- Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic ointment to help prevent infection.
- Cover the burn with a sterile, non-stick dressing and secure it loosely.
- Take over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen to manage discomfort.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Certain burns require professional medical evaluation. Burns that appear deep, leathery, or have patches of white, brown, or black are signs of a third-degree burn and must be seen by a doctor.
You should also seek immediate medical help if a burn:
- Is larger than 3 inches in diameter.
- Covers the hands, feet, face, groin, or a major joint.
- Fully encircles a limb, as swelling can cut off circulation.
- Shows signs of infection, such as pus, increasing pain, redness, swelling, or a fever.