Staphylococcus capitis is a common bacteria found on human skin, particularly on the head, face, and neck. While it typically coexists harmlessly as part of the natural skin flora, this bacterium can sometimes cause infections. This occurs especially in vulnerable individuals or when the skin’s protective barriers are compromised. This article provides a general overview of Staphylococcus capitis infections.
Understanding Staphylococcus capitis
Staphylococcus capitis is classified as a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species. This bacterium thrives in lipid-rich areas where sebaceous glands are abundant, primarily on the scalp, face, and neck.
However, Staphylococcus capitis is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it can cause infection under certain circumstances. This happens when the skin’s integrity is broken, such as through cuts, abrasions, or surgical incisions. It also poses a risk in healthcare settings, particularly for individuals with weakened immune systems or those with indwelling medical devices like catheters or shunts, as it can form biofilms on these surfaces.
Signs of Infection
Infections caused by Staphylococcus capitis can manifest in various ways, ranging from localized skin issues to more serious systemic conditions. Superficial skin and soft tissue infections are common, often appearing as folliculitis (inflamed hair follicles) or impetigo-like lesions characterized by crusty sores. On the scalp, these infections may present with redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, or pus.
Beyond the skin, S. capitis can cause more severe infections, especially in susceptible populations like premature infants or hospitalized patients. It is a cause of late-onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), where symptoms may include fever, chills, and general malaise. The bacterium can also be associated with device-related infections, such as those involving prosthetic valves or joints, and can lead to bloodstream infections.
Seeking Medical Care
Prompt medical attention is advisable if you suspect a Staphylococcus capitis infection, particularly if skin lesions worsen, spread, or if systemic symptoms like fever develop. A healthcare provider will begin with a medical evaluation, including a physical examination of the affected area, to assess the infection’s extent. To identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine the most effective treatment, laboratory tests may be conducted.
These tests often involve bacterial cultures, where samples from the infected site, such as a skin or wound swab, are collected and grown in a laboratory. For suspected systemic infections, a blood culture may be performed. The cultured bacteria are then tested for their susceptibility to various antibiotics, guiding the healthcare provider in selecting the appropriate medication. Treatment involves antibiotics, which can be topical for minor skin infections or oral for more widespread or severe cases. In some instances, drainage of abscesses or removal of infected medical devices may be necessary. Completing the entire course of prescribed antibiotics is important to ensure the infection is fully eradicated and to help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.
Everyday Prevention
Preventing Staphylococcus capitis infections involves maintaining good hygiene and taking precautions to protect the skin barrier. Frequent handwashing with soap and water is a fundamental practice, especially after touching wounds or before preparing food. Keeping cuts, scrapes, and other skin breaks clean and covered with sterile dressings can prevent bacterial entry.
It is advisable to avoid sharing personal items that come into contact with skin, such as razors, towels, and washcloths, as these can harbor bacteria. Regular bathing or showering helps maintain overall skin hygiene.