Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina) is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to North America. Its branches are covered in a soft, fuzzy texture, reminiscent of a stag’s antlers in velvet, which gives the plant its common name. The large, compound leaves transform into vibrant shades of red, orange, and yellow in autumn, and female plants produce upright clusters of fuzzy, bright red fruit that persist through winter. This plant is found across the eastern and midwestern United States and parts of Canada, thriving in open woodlands, prairies, and disturbed areas.
Understanding Staghorn Sumac’s Growth Speed
Staghorn sumac is known for its rapid growth, making it a quick choice for establishing vegetation. It typically reaches a height of 15 to 25 feet and can spread 20 to 30 feet wide. This fast growth applies not only to its vertical ascent but also to its horizontal expansion through an extensive system of underground rhizomes, which produce new shoots known as suckers.
Young sumac plants can exhibit annual vertical growth of approximately 1 to 1.3 feet (30 to 40 cm). Once established, its lateral root system can extend outwards by three or more feet each year, leading to the formation of dense colonies. These suckers can emerge quickly, sometimes growing up to 2 feet tall within a week, indicating its rapid spread. Its vigorous root system ensures its continued presence in the landscape.
Factors Influencing Growth Rate
Environmental conditions influence staghorn sumac’s growth rate. The plant thrives in full sun, where it receives at least six hours daily, which promotes robust growth. While it can adapt to partial shade, insufficient light impedes vigor and growth. It is not tolerant of dense shade and may be outcompeted by other tree species.
It adapts to various soil types, preferring well-drained conditions to prevent root rot. It can grow in poor, dry, rocky, or gravelly soils. Optimal growth occurs in slightly acidic to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. Though drought-tolerant once established, consistent moisture, especially when young, boosts initial growth. It thrives within USDA hardiness zones 3 to 8, tolerating a broad range of temperate climates.
Managing Staghorn Sumac Spread and Growth
Managing staghorn sumac’s spread through suckers requires specific strategies. Pruning controls vertical growth and shape, and may encourage denser foliage and more dramatic fall colors. However, heavy pruning or root injury can stimulate more suckers as the plant recovers.
Regular removal of root suckers contains its spread in cultivated areas. In lawns, frequent mowing keeps new suckers from establishing. For suckers appearing in garden beds, gently pulling them when small or cutting them close to the ground helps manage their presence. To prevent extensive underground spread, installing root barriers around the planting area, typically at least 60 centimeters deep, is a recommended containment strategy.
Completely removing established staghorn sumac is challenging due to its extensive, persistent root system. Mechanical methods like chopping, mulching, or digging out the plant and roots can be employed. Continuous mowing of new growth gradually depletes the root system’s stored carbohydrates, weakening the plant.
Landscaping Considerations for Staghorn Sumac
Staghorn sumac’s growth characteristics influence its use in landscaping. Its rapid growth provides quick ground cover and is effective for erosion control, especially on slopes. The plant offers vibrant seasonal interest with striking fall foliage and persistent red fruit clusters, serving as a food source for birds and host larvae for certain butterflies.
Despite these benefits, its suckering habit can form dense colonies, potentially outcompeting other desired vegetation. It is generally less suitable for small, formal garden spaces or traditional shrub borders. It performs best in naturalized areas, large open spaces, or along woodland edges where its spread can be tolerated or desired. Selecting appropriate planting locations allows its unique qualities to be an asset, not a management challenge.