Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is a type of cancer that begins in the flat, scale-like cells, known as squamous cells, which cover the surface of the penis. This condition represents the most common form of penile cancer, accounting for approximately 95% of all cases. It warrants prompt medical attention.
Recognizing the Signs
Observing changes in the penis can be the first step toward detection. Individuals might notice new lumps, sores, or ulcers on the penis that do not heal over time. These lesions can appear on the glans, coronal sulcus, or foreskin.
Changes in skin color or thickness, as well as persistent redness or irritation, are also potential indicators. Some individuals may experience bleeding or discharge from the penis. Pain or tenderness in the affected area can also signal an underlying issue.
Understanding Risk Factors
Several factors can increase an individual’s likelihood of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly high-risk strains like 16 and 18, is a major risk factor. Phimosis, a condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted, is another recognized risk factor.
Poor personal hygiene, which can lead to chronic inflammation, is also associated with increased risk. Smoking is another lifestyle factor linked to the development of this cancer. The risk also tends to increase with age.
How it is Diagnosed and Staged
Diagnosing penile cancer begins with a thorough physical examination where a doctor assesses any visible abnormalities. The definitive diagnostic tool is a biopsy, which involves taking a tissue sample from the suspicious area for microscopic examination. This allows pathologists to confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the specific type.
Once cancer is confirmed, imaging tests are performed to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the original site, a process known as staging. These tests can include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, or positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Staging is important as it helps medical professionals understand the extent of the cancer and guides the selection of the most appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis varies depending on the cancer’s stage, its specific location, and the patient’s overall health. Surgical interventions are a primary approach and can range from local excision, which removes only the tumor, to more extensive procedures like glansectomy (removal of the glans), partial penectomy (removal of part of the penis), or total penectomy (removal of the entire penis). Lymph node dissection, which involves removing lymph nodes in the groin, may also be performed if there is a concern about cancer spread.
Non-surgical options are also available for very early-stage lesions. Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, while chemotherapy involves medications that kill cancer cells throughout the body. Topical creams, which contain anti-cancer agents, can be applied directly to the skin for superficial lesions. A multidisciplinary team of specialists collaborates to determine the most effective treatment strategy, ensuring comprehensive care tailored to the individual’s needs.
Preventive Measures
Taking proactive steps can help reduce the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. HPV vaccination is an effective measure for eligible individuals, protecting against the strains most commonly linked to this cancer. Maintaining good personal hygiene, including regular cleaning of the penis, can help prevent chronic inflammation and related issues.
Prompt medical attention for conditions like phimosis or any other pre-cancerous lesions is also beneficial. Addressing these issues early can prevent them from progressing into cancer. Avoiding smoking is another important preventive measure, as tobacco use is a recognized risk factor for this cancer.