The term “Spindella” is a common misspelling of “Spindle Tree,” which refers to plants in the Euonymus genus. Euonymus encompasses a diverse array of species, including trees, shrubs, and groundcovers, valued for their ornamental appeal.
Understanding Spindle Trees
The Euonymus genus includes over 100 species, native to East Asia, Europe, and North America. These plants exhibit varied growth habits, with some being deciduous, shedding leaves in winter, or remaining evergreen. Sizes can range from low-growing groundcovers to shrubs and small trees, typically reaching 3 to 15 feet tall. Leaves are generally arranged oppositely on stems, simple, ovate, or elliptical with finely serrated margins.
Many Euonymus species have unique fruit, giving them the common name “spindle tree” due to historical use of their wood for spinning spindles. These showy, four-lobed capsules split open in autumn to reveal bright orange or red seeds, providing seasonal interest. They thrive in a range of climates and soil types, from USDA Hardiness Zones 4 to 9, depending on the species.
Popular Varieties and Identification
Several Euonymus species are cultivated for their distinct ornamental value. Euonymus alatus, commonly known as Burning Bush, is a deciduous shrub known for its intense crimson-red fall foliage. Identified by prominent, corky “wings” on its green stems, noticeable after leaf drop, it typically grows 5 to 15 feet tall and wide, forming a dense, mounded shape.
Euonymus europaeus, or European Spindle, is known for its striking pink to reddish, four-lobed fruit capsules that open to reveal bright orange seeds. Its leaves are deep green, lance-shaped, and oppositely arranged, turning yellow to red in autumn. This species can grow as a shrub or small tree, reaching 12 to 30 feet tall.
Euonymus fortunei, often called Wintercreeper, is a versatile evergreen species with numerous cultivars. It can function as a groundcover, a climbing vine, or a low-growing shrub. Its leaves are typically glossy, dark green, oval, and slightly toothed, often featuring light-colored veins or variegation. Cultivars like ‘Emerald Gaiety’ and ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’ display attractive green and white or green and gold variegated foliage.
Euonymus japonicus, or Japanese Spindle, is a popular evergreen variety recognized for its glossy, leathery leaves. It forms a dense, upright shape, making it suitable for hedges and formal plantings, and can grow 3 to 10 feet tall. Many cultivars offer variegated foliage, such as ‘Aureo-marginatus’ with golden-yellow margins.
Planting and Care
Proper site selection is important for Euonymus health. Most varieties prefer full sun to partial shade, ideally receiving at least six hours of direct sunlight daily for best foliage color, especially for variegated forms. Protection from harsh winds is beneficial, as strong gusts can damage foliage. Planting is best done in early spring or fall to allow roots to establish before extreme temperatures.
They are adaptable to a wide range of soil types, including clay and sandy soils, but consistently require well-draining conditions. Waterlogged soil can lead to root rot; improve heavy soils with organic matter like compost or aged manure to enhance drainage and fertility. While they tolerate various pH levels, some species prefer neutral to alkaline soils.
Initial watering after planting should be thorough to settle soil around the root ball and eliminate air pockets. Once established, Euonymus varieties are relatively drought-tolerant, but consistent moisture during hot, dry periods promotes optimal growth. Deep, infrequent watering encourages the development of a robust root system. Fertilization typically involves applying a balanced slow-release fertilizer in early spring for lush growth and vibrant foliage.
Pruning is generally minimal for Euonymus, useful for maintaining shape, controlling size, or removing dead or diseased branches. Significant pruning is best in late winter or early spring before new growth. For hedges, light shaping can also be done in early summer. Overgrown plants can be rejuvenated by cutting back up to one-third of the material each spring.
Common Problems and Solutions
While generally hardy, Euonymus plants can face common issues, notably Euonymus Scale. This armored scale insect appears as tiny, white male scales on leaf undersides and dark, oyster-shaped female scales on stems. Infestations cause yellow spots, reduced vigor, and can lead to defoliation or plant death. Treatment often involves horticultural oil applications, especially during the crawler stage, or systemic insecticides.
Powdery Mildew is a frequent fungal disease, presenting as white to gray, powdery growth primarily on upper leaf surfaces. It thrives in humid conditions with warm days and cool nights, often favoring shaded areas. To manage powdery mildew, prune for improved air circulation, avoid overhead watering, and remove heavily infected parts. Fungicides, including sulfur-based sprays or potassium bicarbonate with horticultural oil, can also be applied.
Other pests like aphids and spider mites may affect Euonymus, leading to stunted growth or discolored foliage. These can often be controlled with insecticidal soaps or by encouraging natural predators. Leaf yellowing or sudden leaf drop can indicate environmental stressors like overwatering, underwatering, or nutrient deficiencies. Ensuring proper drainage, consistent watering, and appropriate fertilization can remedy these issues.
Landscaping Uses and Considerations
Highly adaptable, Euonymus plants offer year-round interest in diverse landscaping applications. Many evergreen varieties, such as Euonymus japonicus, excel as formal or informal hedges, providing privacy and defining spaces. Creeping types like Euonymus fortunei are excellent groundcovers, suppressing weeds and preventing soil erosion.
Larger species, particularly Euonymus alatus with its brilliant fall color, serve as specimen plants or focal points. Their dense foliage and varied forms make them suitable for foundation plantings, mixed borders, and container gardening. While generally low-maintenance, some Euonymus varieties, such as E. alatus and E. fortunei, are invasive in certain regions, spreading by bird-dispersed seeds. Checking local regulations and opting for non-invasive alternatives or cultivars is responsible.
Toxicity Information
All parts of the Euonymus plant are toxic if ingested. The berries, in particular, contain compounds harmful to humans and pets. Symptoms can range from gastrointestinal upset to more severe issues. Caution is advised, especially in gardens frequented by small children or animals. If accidental ingestion is suspected, consult a medical professional or veterinarian immediately.