Obesity has emerged as a significant global public health concern. This condition, characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, contributes to numerous health complications. While prevalent worldwide, the specific dynamics of obesity, including its causes, trends, and mitigation strategies, can vary by region. This article explores obesity within South Korea, examining its current status, the factors driving its changes, and the various approaches being implemented to address this growing challenge.
South Korea’s Current Obesity Landscape
Obesity in South Korea is defined using specific body mass index (BMI) thresholds, aligning with Asia-Pacific criteria where a BMI of 25 kg/m² or higher indicates obesity. This classification is further broken down into Class I (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m²), Class II (30.0–34.9 kg/m²), and Class III (≥35.0 kg/m²) obesity. Abdominal obesity is also measured, with a waist circumference of ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women considered a concern.
The overall prevalence of obesity in South Korea was 38.4% in 2021, marking a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. This rise has been more pronounced in men, reaching 49.2% in 2021 compared to 27.8% in women. The prevalence of Class II and Class III obesity, more severe forms, increased dramatically between 2009 and 2018, particularly among young adults.
Drivers Behind Changing Obesity Rates
The increasing obesity rates in South Korea are largely attributed to significant shifts in dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviors. A major factor is the Westernization of the traditional Korean diet, which historically emphasized rice, vegetables, and fermented foods. This has led to increased consumption of processed foods, sugary beverages, and fast food. The convenience and widespread availability of these energy-dense foods contribute to higher calorie intake among the population.
Changes in daily routines also play a substantial role, with increased sedentary behavior becoming more common. Urbanization, longer working hours, and a growing reliance on technology contribute to reduced physical activity levels. Socioeconomic factors also influence these trends, with studies indicating that lower levels of education and household income are associated with higher rates of obesity and abdominal obesity, particularly in females.
Strategies to Combat Obesity
South Korea has implemented various strategies to address and prevent obesity across different age groups. Public health campaigns and educational programs are a significant part of these efforts. The “Let’s Eat Healthy and Move at School” program aims to promote healthy eating and physical activity among adolescents. These school-based interventions provide guidelines for healthy living and address sedentary habits.
Government policies also target food environments and advertising. The Special Act on the Safety Management of Children’s Dietary Life restricts TV advertising of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods during children’s prime viewing hours. This act also prohibits incentives like free toys with the purchase of nutritionally inadequate foods. Additionally, food labeling standards require a nutrient list on various pre-packaged foods, aiming to inform consumers about their choices.