South Korea offers a compelling study in natural contrasts, presenting a landscape rich in biodiversity despite its comparatively small size and high population density. The country’s natural environments provide a diverse range of ecosystems, from rugged mountain ranges and extensive coastlines to fertile river plains. These varied habitats support a wide array of plant and animal life, making the nation a notable area for ecological interest.
Geographical Features
South Korea’s geography is predominantly mountainous, with approximately 70% of its landmass covered by mountains. The Taebaek Mountains form a significant backbone along the eastern coast, extending over 500 kilometers and featuring peaks like Daecheongbong (1,708m) in Seoraksan National Park. The Sobaek Mountains, a southwestern extension, include Cheonwangbong (Jirisan) at 1,918 meters.
South Korea is surrounded by water on three sides, with a coastline of approximately 2,413 kilometers. The eastern coast is relatively smooth, with mountains descending steeply into the sea. In contrast, the southern and western coastlines are intricate, featuring numerous indentations and over 3,000 islands. Major rivers like the Nakdong, Han, and Geum originate in the mountains and flow westward or southward, forming fertile alluvial plains. The Nakdong River, at 521 kilometers, is South Korea’s longest.
Prominent Natural Destinations
South Korea is home to 23 national parks. Seoraksan National Park, in the northeast, is celebrated for its striking granite peaks and deep valleys. Daecheongbong, the third-highest peak in South Korea, is within Seoraksan, offering panoramic views. The park also features dramatic rock formations like Dinosaur Ridge and numerous waterfalls, including Biryong Falls.
Jirisan National Park, established in 1967 as the nation’s first, is the largest terrestrial park in South Korea. It spans three provinces and is anchored by Mount Jiri, the second-highest mountain at 1,915 meters. Jirisan is known for its rugged peaks, valleys, and diverse flora, including vast expanses of azaleas. The park also holds cultural significance, with ancient temples like Hwaeomsa nestled within its landscapes.
Jeju Island, off the southern coast, is a UNESCO World Heritage site recognized for its unique volcanic landscape. Hallasan National Park, centered around Hallasan Mountain, is a dormant volcano and the highest peak in South Korea at 1,950 meters. The island features a distinctive “vertical ecosystem” due to varying temperatures along the mountainside, supporting diverse plant life. Jeju also boasts the Geomunoreum lava tube system, with its multi-colored carbonate formations.
Flora and Fauna
South Korea’s diverse ecosystems support a rich array of plant and animal species, with over 41,000 identified. The varied topography, from subtropical lowlands to alpine regions, allows for a wide range of flora. Hallasan National Park on Jeju Island alone hosts over 1,800 plant species, including rare orchids and azaleas. Forests across the mainland are characterized by species like pine, juniper, oak, and other deciduous trees.
The country’s fauna includes a variety of notable species, with 2,177 endemic species. In national parks like Seoraksan, over 2,000 animal species have been identified, including the Korean goral and Siberian flying squirrel. Jirisan National Park is a sanctuary for the Asiatic black bear. The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), while a political boundary, has also become an unintentional sanctuary for rare and endangered species due to its limited human disturbance.
Conservation Efforts and Environmental Concerns
South Korea has established a comprehensive system of protected areas. The country manages 23 national parks, with the Korea National Park Service (KNPS) overseeing most, except Hallasan National Park. These parks encompass a significant portion of the country’s land and marine ecosystems. The KNPS is dedicated to conserving natural landscapes, protecting wildlife, and promoting sustainable tourism within these areas.
Despite these efforts, South Korea faces environmental challenges, primarily stemming from rapid urbanization and industrialization. These developments contribute to habitat loss and fragmentation. Pollution, including air and water pollution, threatens ecosystems. The construction of transportation infrastructure, such as roads, can lead to habitat fragmentation and impact wildlife. Efforts are ongoing to mitigate these issues through strategies like expanding protected areas, restoring habitats, and promoting public awareness about biodiversity.