Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach that produces enzymes for digestion and hormones like insulin. This condition can range from mild to severe, making it important to understand its indicators and when emergency care is necessary.
Key Symptoms of Pancreatitis
The primary symptom of pancreatitis is abdominal pain, which typically originates in the upper abdomen. This pain often has a severe, constant, and penetrating quality, and it can radiate to the back or even below the left shoulder blade. The discomfort may worsen within minutes after eating or drinking, particularly if foods are high in fat.
Beyond pain, individuals with pancreatitis frequently experience nausea and vomiting. Other accompanying symptoms can include a fever, often reaching 100°F to 101°F (37.7°C to 38.3°C), and a rapid pulse. Some people may also notice bloating, a swollen abdomen, or clay-colored stools.
Urgent Signs for Emergency Care
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe, sudden, or persistent abdominal pain that does not improve with over-the-counter pain relievers.
Persistent vomiting, particularly if you cannot keep fluids down, is another serious indicator. Signs of dehydration, such as dizziness or reduced urination, also warrant immediate care. A rapid heart rate or low blood pressure are further reasons to go to the ER. Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice) indicates a potential complication. These symptoms can signal a severe flare-up or life-threatening complications like systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or organ failure.
Emergency Room Procedures
Upon arrival at the emergency room for suspected pancreatitis, medical staff will conduct an initial assessment. This typically involves a physical examination and checking your vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. Diagnostic tests are then performed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the inflammation.
Blood tests are commonly ordered, specifically looking for elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase and lipase. Imaging tests, like a CT scan or ultrasound of the abdomen, are also used to visualize the pancreas and identify any abnormalities or complications. Initial management in the ER focuses on supportive care, which includes intravenous (IV) fluids to combat dehydration, medication for pain control, and anti-nausea medications. Many individuals with acute pancreatitis require admission to the hospital for close monitoring and continued treatment.
Common Causes and Risk Factors
Pancreatitis can stem from various underlying issues, with gallstones and heavy alcohol consumption being the most frequent culprits. Gallstones can cause inflammation if they exit the gallbladder and obstruct the opening of the pancreatic duct. Alcohol abuse is thought to trigger the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas, leading to self-digestion and inflammation.
Other factors that can contribute to pancreatitis include high levels of triglycerides, which are a type of fat in the blood. Certain medications, such as some immunosuppressants, estrogens, and thiazide diuretics, have also been linked to the condition. Abdominal injury, severe viral or bacterial infections, high blood calcium levels, and genetic disorders can also increase the risk of developing pancreatitis.