Dental sealants are a protective coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth to prevent decay. This thin, plastic-based material acts as a barrier, shielding the most vulnerable areas of the mouth from cavity-causing bacteria and food particles. Understanding how this preventative measure works and who benefits most can help determine if sealants are a worthwhile addition to your oral health routine.
Understanding How Sealants Protect Teeth
The surfaces of your molars and premolars are not smooth; they contain tiny anatomical depressions known as pits and fissures. These deep, narrow grooves are difficult to clean thoroughly with a toothbrush. Food particles and bacteria easily become trapped in these areas, establishing a site where decay often begins.
The sealant material, typically a composite resin, is applied as a liquid. This material flows into the pits and fissures, filling the grooves and hardening to create a smooth surface. By physically sealing off these vulnerable areas, the coating prevents plaque and acids from reaching the enamel.
Some sealant materials, such as glass ionomers, offer the added benefit of releasing a small amount of fluoride over time. This mineral release helps to strengthen the surrounding tooth enamel, providing a chemical layer of protection against acid attacks. This dual mechanism of physical and chemical shielding makes sealants a highly effective tool for long-term cavity prevention.
Determining If You or Your Child Needs Sealants
Sealants are most frequently recommended for children and adolescents because their newly erupted permanent teeth are highly susceptible to decay. The ideal window for application is shortly after the teeth emerge, before any decay has a chance to develop. The first permanent molars, often called the “six-year molars,” typically erupt between the ages of five and seven, marking the first opportunity for sealing.
A second opportunity arises when the second permanent molars erupt, usually around ages 11 to 14. Applying sealants during this adolescent period helps protect the teeth throughout the years when children are most prone to cavities. Studies have shown that sealants can reduce the risk of decay in molars by nearly 80% in the first two years after application.
Adults without existing fillings or decay in their molars and premolars may also be candidates for sealants, especially if they have naturally deep grooves. A dentist may recommend them for adults who have a high risk of developing cavities due to factors like poor oral hygiene or dry mouth. However, sealants cannot be placed on a tooth that already has decay or a dental filling.
Consulting with a dental professional is the best way to assess individual risk factors and determine if the treatment is appropriate. They will examine the depth of the pits and fissures and evaluate your overall history of decay. This personalized assessment ensures that the preventative measure is targeted to the teeth that need it most.
What to Expect During Application and Follow-up
The application of dental sealants is a simple, non-invasive procedure that does not require drilling or anesthesia. The process begins with thoroughly cleaning the chewing surface of the tooth to remove any plaque or debris. Next, a mild acidic solution is applied to the enamel for a few seconds to slightly roughen the surface, which is known as etching.
Etching creates a texture that allows the liquid sealant to bond securely to the tooth enamel, ensuring a durable seal. After the etching solution is rinsed off and the tooth is completely dried, the liquid sealant is painted onto the prepared surface. A special curing light is then used to quickly harden the material, transforming it into a solid, protective shield.
The entire procedure takes only a few minutes per tooth, and you can eat and drink normally immediately afterward. Sealants are designed to withstand normal chewing forces and typically last between five and ten years. However, factors like oral hygiene, diet, and teeth grinding can affect their durability.
Regular dental check-ups are necessary to monitor the condition of the sealants. If a sealant becomes chipped, worn, or partially lost, it can be easily repaired or re-applied during a routine appointment to maintain continuous protection. While there is a cost associated with the application, sealants are a highly cost-effective preventative measure compared to the expense of treating a developed cavity with a filling or other restorative procedures.