Rothia aeria is a Gram-positive bacterium in the Rothia genus, part of the Micrococcaceae family. Characterized by its rod-shaped or coccoid appearance, it was initially identified in air samples from the Russian space laboratory Mir in 2004. It belongs to the phylum Actinomycetota.
Where Rothia Aeria Resides
Rothia aeria commonly inhabits the human body, particularly as a component of the normal microbiota. It is frequently found in the oral cavity, including saliva, and the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium also colonizes the upper gastrointestinal tract, as evidenced by its presence in duodenal biopsies. Its primary association is with human habitats, forming part of the complex microbial communities in these areas.
Rothia Aeria’s Role in Human Health
Rothia aeria exhibits a dual nature, functioning both as a harmless commensal organism and as an opportunistic pathogen. As a commensal, it contributes to oral health and has even been shown to degrade gluten, suggesting a potential beneficial role in digestion. However, under specific conditions, it can transition from a benign inhabitant to a cause of disease.
Infections with Rothia aeria are more likely to occur in individuals with compromised immune systems, though cases in otherwise healthy individuals have been reported. Factors such as recent dental procedures, indwelling medical devices, or underlying health conditions can predispose individuals to infection. The bacterium’s ability to form biofilms is a factor in its capacity to cause infections, especially on heart valves.
Rothia aeria has been associated with various infections throughout the body. One notable infection is endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart’s inner lining, often involving heart valves. Respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, are also linked to Rothia aeria. Other infections include bacteremia (presence of bacteria in the bloodstream), sepsis, neck abscesses, and septic arthritis. These highlight its potential to disseminate from its usual habitats and cause systemic illness.
Addressing Rothia Aeria Infections
Identifying Rothia aeria infections involves bacterial cultures from affected sites, such as blood. Molecular testing, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is also used for accurate identification, especially since its morphology can resemble other bacteria. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) also aids in early and precise diagnosis.
Treatment for Rothia aeria infections relies on antibiotic therapy. Sensitivity testing is performed to determine the most effective antibiotic, as resistance patterns can vary. Many Rothia aeria isolates have shown susceptibility to common antibiotics such as penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and vancomycin. For severe infections like endocarditis, prolonged antibiotic courses, sometimes combined with surgical intervention, may be necessary.
Preventative measures focus on managing underlying health conditions that increase infection risk and maintaining good hygiene. Regular oral hygiene, including toothbrushing, reduces the microbial load in the mouth, a primary reservoir for Rothia aeria. For individuals undergoing dental procedures, especially those with pre-existing heart conditions, antibiotic prophylaxis may be considered to reduce the risk of bacteria entering the bloodstream.