Pterygium is a common eye condition characterized by an overgrowth of the conjunctiva, the clear, thin membrane covering the white part of the eye. This benign, non-cancerous growth can affect one or both eyes, often starting from the inner corner near the nose.
Understanding Pterygium
A pterygium typically appears as a fleshy, triangular growth on the white of the eye, sometimes described as wing-shaped. It usually originates on the conjunctiva and can extend towards the cornea, the clear outer layer over the iris and pupil. This growth is often slightly raised and may contain visible blood vessels, giving it a pinkish or reddish appearance.
Commonly, this condition is referred to as “surfer’s eye” or “farmer’s eye” due to its prevalence among individuals with significant outdoor exposure. Although it can look concerning, a pterygium does not spread to other parts of the body or invade the inside of the eye.
Factors and Manifestations
The development of a pterygium is strongly associated with prolonged exposure to environmental elements. Excessive ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun is a primary risk factor, contributing to a higher incidence in individuals who spend extensive time outdoors. Chronic irritation from dust, wind, and dry climates also plays a role.
A pterygium may initially be asymptomatic, but as it grows, it can lead to various symptoms. Common manifestations include redness, a gritty sensation, irritation, itching, and a feeling like a foreign object is present in the eye. If the growth extends significantly onto the cornea, it can distort its shape, leading to blurred vision or astigmatism, potentially affecting eyesight more severely.
Care and Protection
Managing a pterygium often begins with observation, especially if it is small and not causing significant symptoms. For discomfort, lubricating eye drops can help alleviate dryness and irritation, while anti-inflammatory or corticosteroid eye drops may be prescribed for redness and swelling. These non-surgical approaches aim to relieve symptoms and, in some cases, slow the growth.
Surgical removal becomes an option if the pterygium affects vision, causes persistent discomfort, or is a cosmetic concern. The procedure typically involves excising the growth and often grafting healthy conjunctival tissue from another part of the eye to reduce recurrence. Post-surgical care usually includes prescribed eye drops, avoiding strenuous activities, and wearing an eye shield for a few weeks to aid healing.
Despite successful surgery, a pterygium can recur, with recurrence rates varying depending on the surgical technique used, though modern techniques aim for lower rates, often below 15%. To minimize recurrence risk and prevent initial development, wearing UV-protective sunglasses and wide-brimmed hats when outdoors is recommended. Protecting the eyes from wind and dust, along with using artificial tears to combat dryness, also contributes to prevention.