Periodontitis is a serious form of gum disease that affects the tissues supporting your teeth. It involves a bacterial infection that can damage the underlying structures of the mouth. This condition is distinct from more superficial gum issues.
Understanding Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a progressive stage of gum disease that develops from untreated gingivitis, which is the initial inflammation of the gums. While gingivitis only affects the gum tissue, periodontitis involves the destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, which are the main structures that anchor teeth in the jaw. This destruction is a result of a chronic inflammatory response triggered by bacterial microorganisms.
The process begins when bacteria accumulate and form plaque and tartar below the gumline. This leads to the formation of periodontal pockets, which are deepened spaces between the gums and teeth where bacteria can thrive. As the infection persists, the body’s immune system, while attempting to fight the bacteria, also contributes to the breakdown of bone and connective tissues. This leads to the progressive loss of tooth support.
Causes and Common Signs
The primary cause of periodontitis is the accumulation of bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces. If this plaque is not removed through consistent oral hygiene, it can harden into tartar, which further irritates the gums and allows bacteria to spread below the gumline. The toxins produced by these bacteria trigger an inflammatory response that can lead to tissue damage.
Several factors can increase a person’s susceptibility to developing periodontitis or accelerate its progression. Smoking and tobacco use are risk factors, as they reduce the gums’ resistance to harmful bacteria and can mask the typical signs of inflammation. Uncontrolled diabetes can heighten the risk, as it impairs the body’s ability to fight off bacterial infections. Genetic predisposition plays a role, influencing immune response to oral bacteria. Hormonal changes can make gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation. Other contributing factors include certain medications that reduce saliva flow, stress, poor nutrition, and conditions that lower immunity.
Common signs of periodontitis often develop gradually and may not cause pain in the early stages. Signs include swollen, red, or purplish gums. Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing is common. Persistent bad breath, a receding gumline making teeth appear longer, and the presence of pus between the teeth and gums are common. In more advanced stages, individuals may notice loose teeth, changes in their bite, or new spaces developing between teeth.
Why Addressing Periodontitis Matters
Untreated periodontitis can lead to serious long-term consequences. The ongoing destruction of bone and supporting tissues can result in tooth loosening and, eventually, tooth loss. This can significantly impact a person’s ability to chew and speak, affecting their overall quality of life.
Beyond the mouth, periodontitis has been linked to various systemic health conditions. Bacteria from infected gums can enter the bloodstream, contributing to inflammation throughout the body. Associations exist between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, including an increased risk of heart attack or stroke. It can also complicate diabetes management, making blood sugar control more challenging. Links have also been suggested with respiratory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain cancers, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early diagnosis and professional intervention are important to prevent disease progression, preserve teeth, and support overall health.