Pangolins are unique mammals recognized by their distinctive armor of overlapping scales. These shy, nocturnal creatures are the only scaly mammals on Earth, primarily residing in forests and grasslands across Asia and Africa. Their scales, composed of keratin, provide a formidable defense against predators when the animal curls into a tight ball. While offering protection to the pangolin, these specialized scales have unfortunately become a significant point of interest for human exploitation, leading to considerable controversy and concern.
Traditional Applications of Pangolin Scales
In parts of Asia, pangolin scales have historically been incorporated into traditional medicine systems. They are often ground into a powder or used in decoctions. Practitioners have traditionally prescribed them for a range of perceived health benefits, including addressing skin conditions like psoriasis and scabies. They have also been used to promote blood circulation and reduce swelling in certain ailments.
Beyond skin issues and circulation, pangolin scales have been traditionally utilized to stimulate lactation in new mothers. Some beliefs also link their consumption to treating nervous disorders and and certain types of cancer.
The Scientific View on Efficacy
The composition of pangolin scales offers insight into their purported medicinal value. These scales are primarily made of keratin, the same fibrous protein that constitutes human fingernails, hair, and animal horns. Chemically, there is no discernible difference between the keratin found in pangolin scales and that found in other common animal parts.
Scientific research has investigated any potential medicinal properties of pangolin scales. However, no studies have yielded evidence to support the claims of their efficacy in treating any human ailments. Any perceived benefits from their use are widely attributed to the placebo effect or anecdotal observations, rather than verifiable pharmacological actions.
The Illegal Trade and Conservation Crisis
The demand for pangolin scales, driven by traditional beliefs, has fueled a significant illegal trade. Pangolins are now considered the most trafficked mammals globally, with millions estimated to have been poached over the past decade. This illicit trade involves sophisticated networks that smuggle scales and pangolin meat across international borders, primarily from Africa and Asia to consumer markets.
The volume of this trade has led to a severe decline in pangolin populations across all eight species. All pangolin species are now listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This listing strictly prohibits any international commercial trade in pangolins and their parts, underscoring the severe threat they face from poaching.
Global Efforts to Protect Pangolins
Global initiatives combat the illegal trade and safeguard pangolin populations. International cooperation among law enforcement agencies has intensified, leading to increased seizures of pangolin scales and arrests of traffickers. These coordinated efforts aim to disrupt the supply chains that facilitate the illicit trade.
On the ground, anti-poaching units are working to protect pangolins in their natural habitats, often employing advanced surveillance and community engagement strategies. Public awareness campaigns are also being launched in consumer countries to educate people about the plight of pangolins and to reduce demand for their scales and meat. Rescued pangolins are rehabilitated at specialized centers for release, and habitat protection measures are implemented to preserve their dwindling ecosystems.