Painful swallowing, clinically known as odynophagia, is a frequently reported symptom of COVID-19. Its severity varies, but it often accompanies other common signs of the illness. It can range from mild irritation to a “razor blade throat” sensation.
Why Swallowing Becomes Painful
When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body, it primarily targets cells in the respiratory tract. The virus replicates within these cells, leading to direct tissue damage and triggering the body’s immune response. This viral activity causes inflammation of the pharynx (pharyngitis) and sometimes the tonsils.
The immune system’s response involves sending various immune cells to the infected area. This influx of cells results in swelling, redness, and irritation of the throat tissues. The inflamed and swollen tissues make swallowing challenging and painful as muscles contract and tissues rub against each other.
Some variants, like Omicron, are linked to frequent sore throat, suggesting that viral replication and immune reactions in the upper respiratory tract contribute to this symptom. This inflammatory process can directly affect the coordination of breathing and swallowing, further exacerbating discomfort.
How to Relieve Discomfort
Managing painful swallowing from COVID-19 often involves strategies to soothe the inflamed throat and reduce discomfort. Hydration is important; consuming warm liquids such as tea with honey or broth can help moisten and soothe the throat. Cold liquids or frozen treats like popsicles can also offer temporary pain relief by numbing the area.
Over-the-counter throat soothers, including lozenges and hard candies, stimulate saliva production, which helps keep the throat moist. Throat sprays containing ingredients like menthol or benzocaine can temporarily numb the throat, providing localized relief. Dietary adjustments are also beneficial; opting for soft, easy-to-swallow foods and avoiding irritants like spicy, acidic, or very hot or cold items can minimize further irritation.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, or acetaminophen, can help reduce pain and inflammation. Before starting any new medication, consult a healthcare professional, especially if you have existing medical conditions. Other methods like using a humidifier to add moisture to the air can prevent throat dryness, and gargling with salt water can help reduce swelling.
When to Get Medical Help
While painful swallowing from COVID-19 can often be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Seek help if you experience severe difficulty swallowing that prevents you from consuming liquids or food, which could lead to dehydration. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath requires immediate evaluation.
Chest pain or pressure, new confusion, or pale, gray, or blue-colored skin, lips, or nail beds are also emergency warning signs. If your symptoms persist, worsen, or if you develop a high or persistent fever that does not respond to medication, contact a healthcare provider. Any other severe or concerning symptoms should also prompt a medical consultation.