Omeprazole is a medication used to manage conditions with excessive stomach acid. It belongs to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduce stomach acid production. This helps alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Omeprazole is available in capsules, tablets, and liquid, both over-the-counter and with a prescription.
How Omeprazole Works
Omeprazole targets H+/K+-ATPase enzymes, also known as proton pumps, in the stomach lining. These pumps secrete hydrochloric acid. Omeprazole is inactive until activated in the acidic environment of the stomach’s parietal cells.
Once activated, it forms a strong bond with these proton pumps, irreversibly blocking their ability to produce acid. This leads to a sustained reduction in stomach acid secretion. The effect begins within one hour, with maximum suppression within two hours.
Conditions Omeprazole Treats
Omeprazole is prescribed for conditions where reducing stomach acid is beneficial. It treats gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and irritation. For erosive esophagitis, which involves acid damage to the esophageal lining, omeprazole promotes healing.
The medication also treats stomach (gastric) and duodenal ulcers by reducing acid, allowing damaged tissue to recover. When ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, omeprazole is combined with antibiotics to eradicate the infection. Omeprazole also addresses Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare condition characterized by tumors that cause the stomach to produce abnormally high levels of acid.
Potential Side Effects and Risks
Omeprazole can cause side effects, though not everyone experiences them. Common side effects include headaches, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and increased intestinal gas. These are usually mild and may resolve as the body adjusts.
Long-term use carries additional considerations. It may increase the risk of bone fractures, especially in individuals over 50 or on high doses for over a year. Prolonged use, beyond three months, can also lead to reduced magnesium levels, potentially causing muscle twitches or an irregular heartbeat. There is an increased risk of certain gut infections, such as Clostridioides difficile colitis, and vitamin B12 deficiency with extended therapy.
Important Considerations for Use
Omeprazole is taken once daily, usually in the morning before a meal. Treatment duration varies by condition, from a few weeks to longer-term use under medical supervision. Over-the-counter omeprazole is for short-term use, typically no longer than 14 days, unless advised by a healthcare professional.
Omeprazole can interact with other medications, altering their effectiveness or increasing side effects. Examples include blood thinners like warfarin, certain HIV medications, and seizure drugs such as phenytoin. Inform a healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products to manage potential interactions. Consult a doctor if symptoms worsen, if prolonged use is considered, or before discontinuing.