Omentin is a protein, an adipokine, secreted by fat cells. It primarily originates from the visceral fat surrounding the internal organs, particularly a large fold of fatty tissue called the omentum. Adipokines like omentin act as messengers, allowing fat cells to communicate with other parts of the body and influence various processes. Omentin-1 is the main form found in human blood.
The Role of Omentin in the Body
Omentin plays an important role in managing the body’s response to sugar. It enhances insulin sensitivity, helping cells in the liver and muscles respond more effectively to insulin. This improved response allows for better uptake of glucose from the blood, contributing to stable blood sugar regulation and overall metabolic balance.
The protein also has notable anti-inflammatory effects. It works to counteract the chronic, low-grade inflammation that drives many metabolic diseases. Omentin achieves this by influencing specific cellular signaling pathways, like the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, to reduce the production of inflammatory substances.
Omentin also contributes to cardiovascular health. It helps protect blood vessels by promoting vasodilation, the relaxation and widening of vessels, which allows blood to flow more freely. The protein also helps prevent atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in arteries that is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes.
Omentin Levels and Health Conditions
Lower-than-normal omentin levels are linked to an increased risk for several health conditions. Paradoxically, while omentin is produced by visceral fat, its circulating levels often decrease in individuals with obesity. This reduction is believed to contribute to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess waist fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
The connection between low omentin and type 2 diabetes is direct. Because omentin improves insulin sensitivity, its reduced presence impairs glucose regulation. This can lead to insulin resistance and higher blood sugar levels, increasing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.
Low omentin concentrations are also associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular diseases. This is linked to the loss of its protective vascular effects, such as promoting healthy blood vessel function. Consequently, individuals with diminished omentin may be more susceptible to conditions like coronary artery disease and hypertension.
Reduced omentin is also observed in other inflammatory-related disorders. Lower levels are often found in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder frequently accompanied by insulin resistance. It is also implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), where its anti-inflammatory properties would otherwise help protect the liver.
Factors That Influence Omentin Levels
The most effective strategy for increasing omentin is managing body weight by reducing visceral fat. Since visceral fat is the primary source of omentin, losing excess fat in this area can help restore its production. Weight loss is a reliable method for boosting circulating omentin and improving metabolic health.
Regular physical activity is another effective way to elevate omentin. Both aerobic exercise, like running or cycling, and resistance training have been shown to increase its levels. This effect can occur even without significant weight loss, suggesting that exercise has an independent, direct impact on omentin production and secretion.
Dietary patterns also play a role in omentin levels. Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, and high in fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are associated with healthier levels. Adopting a comprehensive healthy eating pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet, is beneficial. Certain medications, like metformin, have also been shown to increase omentin.