Octodon degus, commonly known as degus, are small rodents from the arid scrublands and mountainous regions of Chile. They have compact bodies, short legs, a long, tufted tail, and distinctive orange teeth, a natural result of iron pigments in their enamel.
Unique Biology and Natural Habitat
Degus inhabit the western slopes of the Andes Mountains, living in burrows within colonies. Their social structure is complex, involving various vocalizations, such as chirps and squeaks, and scent marking. Degus are crepuscular, most active during dawn and dusk, adapting to cooler temperatures.
A distinguishing biological trait of degus is their unusual glucose metabolism, which makes them highly susceptible to developing diabetes. Unlike many other mammals, their bodies process sugars inefficiently, leading to a predisposition for blood sugar imbalances. This metabolic peculiarity is a significant factor in their specific care requirements, influencing both their diet and overall health.
Creating an Ideal Environment
Providing a suitable habitat for degus involves replicating aspects of their natural environment. A large, multi-level metal cage offers ample space for climbing and exploration. Appropriate bedding, such as paper-based substrates or aspen shavings, should be provided for burrowing and nesting.
A solid-surface exercise wheel (at least 11-12 inches in diameter) is necessary to prevent foot injuries and provide an outlet for their energy. Degus require a constant supply of safe chew toys made from untreated wood or cardboard to wear down their continuously growing teeth. A dust bath, filled with chinchilla dust, allows them to maintain their fur by removing excess oils and dirt. Due to their social nature, degus thrive when housed in pairs or small groups.
Meeting Their Dietary Needs
Degus possess a sensitive digestive system and unique dietary requirements stemming from their metabolic predisposition to diabetes. Foods high in sugar or starch are dangerous, as they can lead to diabetes, cataracts, and other health issues. A strict diet is paramount for their longevity and health.
The foundation of a degu’s diet should be high-quality degu pellets, supplemented with unlimited timothy hay. This high-fiber hay is crucial for digestive health and dental wear. Small amounts of fresh vegetables, such as bell peppers, green beans, or broccoli, can be offered sparingly as treats. Fruits, sugary commercial rodent mixes, and most human snacks must be avoided to prevent metabolic complications.
Common Health Considerations
Degus can face common health issues linked to their genetics, diet, or environment. Dental problems, particularly malocclusion, are prevalent due to their continuously growing teeth, which can overgrow if not properly worn down or due to genetic misalignment. This often requires veterinary intervention to trim the teeth. Cataracts, a clouding of the eye lens, frequently develop, often as a complication of diabetes from an unsuitable diet.
Foot problems like pododermatitis (“bumblefoot”) can occur from wire-bottomed cages or unsanitary conditions, causing inflammation and sores on their paw pads. Respiratory infections, characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge, or labored breathing, may arise from poor ventilation, dusty bedding, or stress. Recognizing changes in behavior, appetite, or droppings is important for early detection of illness. Degus have an average lifespan of five to eight years in human care. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian experienced in exotic animals are recommended to address potential health concerns proactively.