Gum recession is a common dental concern where gum tissue gradually pulls back from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth’s surface, sometimes even the roots. This condition can affect a single tooth or multiple teeth. While often a slow process, early recognition is important for maintaining oral health and preventing further complications.
What is Gum Recession?
Gum recession occurs when gum tissue wears away or pulls back from the tooth, creating gaps between the teeth and gum line. This exposes the tooth’s root surface, which is typically covered by gums. When exposed, this root surface can appear visibly longer, and a noticeable notch might form near the gum line.
Individuals with receding gums often report increased sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks because exposed root surfaces contain tiny tubules leading directly to the tooth’s nerve. Pain or discomfort near the gum line, or sensitivity during brushing or flossing, are also common signs. The visual change of teeth appearing longer is a primary indicator that gum tissue has receded.
Why Gums Recede
Several factors contribute to gum recession. Aggressive tooth brushing can physically wear away gum tissue over time. Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection, leads to inflammation and destruction of gum tissue and supporting bone. This infection creates pockets where more bacteria can accumulate.
Genetic predisposition also plays a role; some individuals naturally have thinner gum tissue, making them more susceptible. Inadequate dental care, such as insufficient brushing and flossing, allows plaque and tartar to build up, irritating gums and leading to recession. Hormonal changes, such as during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can make gum tissues more vulnerable.
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, harms gum health and increases recession risk. Clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism) exerts excessive force on teeth and gum tissue, leading to gradual recession. Misaligned teeth or an uneven bite can also place undue pressure on gums, contributing to recession.
When to See a Dentist
Consult a dentist if gum recession is suspected. Any persistent sensitivity, especially to temperature changes, or visible alterations in the gum line, warrant a dental visit. Even without pain, a noticeable notch near the gum line or concern about your smile’s appearance are reasons to consult a dentist.
Untreated gum recession can lead to serious oral health problems. Exposed tooth roots are vulnerable to decay and cavities because they lack protective enamel. Sensitivity can become chronic and severe, making eating and drinking uncomfortable. Untreated recession can also progress to bone loss, weakening teeth support and potentially leading to tooth mobility or even tooth loss. Early detection and intervention greatly improve treatment outcomes and help preserve long-term oral health.
Addressing Receding Gums
Treatment for receding gums depends on severity and cause, with non-surgical and surgical options. For milder cases or gum disease, non-surgical treatments like deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) are effective. This removes plaque and tartar from below the gum line and smooths root surfaces, allowing gums to reattach. Antibiotics may also be used to manage bacterial infections.
When exposed root surfaces cause sensitivity or are a cosmetic concern, restorative options like dental bonding can be applied. A tooth-colored composite resin can cover the exposed root, reducing sensitivity and improving appearance. For significant tissue loss, surgical procedures, such as gum grafting, are recommended. Gum grafting involves taking healthy gum tissue from another area of the mouth (e.g., the palate) or using donor tissue, and attaching it to the area of recession.
Common gum grafting techniques include connective tissue grafts, which use tissue from under a flap on the palate; free gingival grafts, which take tissue directly from the top layer of the palate; and pedicle grafts, which involve moving gum tissue from an adjacent tooth. The Pinhole Surgical Technique is a minimally invasive alternative where a small hole is made in the gum, and special instruments are used to loosen and reposition the gum tissue over the exposed root. These surgical interventions restore lost gum tissue, cover exposed roots, and prevent further recession.
Preventing Gum Recession
Preventing gum recession involves consistent oral hygiene and addressing risk factors. Brushing teeth gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush is important, as aggressive brushing can damage gums. Using proper brushing techniques, such as circular motions at an angle towards the gum line, helps clean effectively without causing trauma. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings remove plaque and tartar buildup, preventing gum disease progression.
Addressing habits like teeth grinding (bruxism) is also a preventive measure. Dentists may recommend custom nightguards to protect teeth and gums from grinding forces, especially during sleep. If misaligned teeth contribute to uneven pressure on the gums, orthodontic treatment may be considered to correct the bite. Avoiding tobacco products, which are detrimental to gum health, is another important step. Maintaining good overall oral hygiene, including daily flossing, further reduces the risk of gum recession.