Pilar cysts are common, non-cancerous skin growths that frequently appear on the scalp. These benign bumps, often skin-colored or yellowish, can vary in size. They often occur in clusters, and individuals may develop multiple pilar cysts.
Understanding Pilar Cysts
Pilar cysts, also known as trichilemmal cysts, originate from the outer root sheath of hair follicles. They are sacs filled with keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and nails, along with other cellular debris. These cysts typically feel smooth, firm, and are movable under the skin.
Pilar cysts are prevalent on the scalp due to the high concentration of hair follicles in this area. While they can appear elsewhere on the body, about 90% of pilar cysts form on the head. They generally grow slowly over time and are almost always benign.
Causes of Pilar Cysts
Pilar cysts primarily develop due to a buildup of keratin and old skin cells within a hair follicle. Instead of shedding naturally, these cells become trapped beneath the skin’s surface, continuing to multiply and form a cyst. A strong genetic predisposition is frequently observed.
Many cases of pilar cysts show an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning they tend to run in families. If a close family member has experienced these cysts, there is a higher likelihood of developing them. Trauma or damage to a hair follicle might also contribute to their formation.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While pilar cysts are generally harmless, consulting a medical professional is advisable if certain changes occur. Seek medical attention if a cyst becomes painful, inflamed, or noticeably red and warm to the touch, as these symptoms can indicate an infection. Rapid growth, leakage of fluid, or a foul smell also warrant prompt evaluation.
It is also important to seek professional advice if there is any uncertainty about the diagnosis of a lump on the scalp. A doctor can confirm that the growth is indeed a benign pilar cyst and rule out other, potentially more serious, scalp conditions. Even if a cyst is not causing discomfort, a medical opinion can provide reassurance and discuss management options.
Removal and Management
Management of pilar cysts depends on their size, location, and whether they are causing symptoms. If a cyst is small and not bothering the individual, observation may be a suitable approach. However, if cysts are large, cosmetically undesirable, or causing discomfort by catching on combs or brushes, removal is a common option.
Surgical removal is typically a straightforward outpatient procedure performed under local anesthesia. The goal is to excise the entire cyst sac to prevent recurrence. The procedure involves making a small incision, removing the cyst and its contents, and then closing the incision. For infected cysts, a doctor might drain the fluid and prescribe antibiotics before considering full removal.