Minoxidil sulfate is a compound derived from minoxidil, a substance initially developed in the 1970s as an oral medication for high blood pressure. During its use, an unexpected side effect of increased hair growth was observed, leading to its reformulation as a topical treatment. This compound is primarily recognized for its ability to address hair thinning and promote hair regrowth. It offers a way to manage various forms of hair loss by influencing the hair growth cycle.
Mechanism of Hair Growth
Minoxidil, once applied, is converted into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, by an enzyme called sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) found in hair follicles. Minoxidil sulfate is considerably more potent than minoxidil itself in stimulating hair growth. The effectiveness of minoxidil can vary among individuals due to differences in their sulfotransferase activity.
Minoxidil sulfate functions as a potassium channel opener, particularly in vascular smooth muscles, leading to vasodilation. This action increases microcirculation around hair follicles, delivering more blood, oxygen, and nutrients to these structures, supporting their health and activity.
The compound also influences the hair growth cycle by shortening the telogen (resting) phase and prompting hair follicles to enter the anagen (growth) phase prematurely. It extends the duration of the anagen phase, allowing hair to grow longer and thicker. Minoxidil can also increase the size of miniaturized hair follicles, common in hair loss conditions, helping them produce thicker, more robust hairs.
Treating Hair Loss with Minoxidil Sulfate
Minoxidil sulfate is widely used for treating androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male and female pattern baldness. It is the only topical active ingredient approved by the FDA for this condition in both men and women. The product is readily available over-the-counter, making it an accessible option for individuals experiencing hair thinning.
Topical minoxidil comes in various forms, including solutions and foams, with common concentrations being 2% for women and 5% for men. For application, one milliliter of the solution or half a capful of the foam is applied to a dry scalp twice daily. Massage the product into the scalp to aid absorption and wash hands immediately after application to avoid unintended hair growth on other body parts.
Results typically become noticeable after four to six months of regular use. Minoxidil is not a cure for hair loss but a long-term treatment. Continued use is necessary to maintain any hair growth achieved, as stopping the treatment will likely result in the loss of new hair within a few months.
Understanding Side Effects and Results
When starting minoxidil sulfate treatment, some individuals may experience side effects such as scalp irritation, dryness, itching, or flaking. An initial increase in hair shedding, sometimes called “minoxidil shedding” or “dread shed,” is common. This shedding typically begins within two to eight weeks of starting treatment and can peak around four to six weeks.
The temporary increase in shedding is often a positive sign, indicating the medication is working by accelerating the hair growth cycle. Minoxidil shortens the resting phase of existing hairs, causing them to fall out to make way for new, healthier hairs to grow. This initial shedding usually tapers off around three to four months into treatment.
Visible hair growth typically takes about four to six months of consistent use. The new hair may initially be soft, colorless, and barely visible before thickening and gaining pigment. Individual responses can vary, and if significant irritation persists or no improvement is seen after twelve months, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended. Unwanted hair growth on other parts of the body can occur if the product is not applied carefully or if it transfers from the scalp.