Mediterranean spurge, scientifically known as Euphorbia characias, is a popular choice in gardens for its distinctive appearance and low-maintenance qualities. This evergreen perennial is often admired for its blue-green foliage and chartreuse flower bracts. Despite its aesthetic appeal, it possesses toxic properties, primarily within its milky white sap, which can cause adverse reactions upon contact or if ingested.
Understanding Mediterranean Spurge Toxicity
Mediterranean spurge’s toxicity stems from its milky latex sap, present throughout all parts of the plant. This sap contains diterpenoid esters, potent irritants responsible for the plant’s effects on skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. When the plant is damaged, this latex is exuded, acting as a defense mechanism. Even a small amount of sap can cause discomfort, so caution is advised when handling any part of this plant.
Symptoms of Exposure
Contact with Mediterranean spurge sap can lead to various symptoms. Skin contact often results in irritation, characterized by redness, a burning sensation, and a rash. This can progress to blistering and dermatitis, with symptoms typically appearing within two to eight hours after contact and potentially intensifying over the next twelve hours.
If the milky sap enters the eyes, it can cause severe irritation, pain, and redness. Swelling, blurred vision, and temporary vision impairment are also possible. More serious conditions like kerato-conjunctivitis, corneal edema, and anterior uveitis can occur, with temporary blindness reported in severe cases.
Ingestion of Mediterranean spurge sap, whether by humans or pets, can irritate the digestive system. Symptoms in humans may include a burning sensation of the lips, mouth, and throat, excessive drooling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. For pets, particularly cats and dogs, exposure can lead to physical discomfort, vomiting, and diarrhea, necessitating prompt veterinary attention. Pet owners should prevent their animals from chewing on or ingesting the plant.
Safe Handling and Emergency Response
When handling Mediterranean spurge, wear appropriate protective gear to prevent exposure to its irritating sap. This includes sturdy gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and eye protection. Thoroughly wash tools and hands with soap and water immediately after contact to remove any lingering sap and minimize accidental exposure.
In the event of skin contact, promptly remove any contaminated clothing and gently wash the affected area with soap and plenty of water. Rinsing with water alone is often insufficient to remove the sap effectively. Applying a cool compress can help alleviate discomfort.
Eye Exposure
For eye exposure, immediately flush the eyes with copious amounts of clean water for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Seek immediate medical attention if pain, swelling, or vision changes persist.
Ingestion
If the plant sap is ingested, do not attempt to induce vomiting. Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and spit it out. Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance. For pets, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control immediately.