Cannabinoids are a diverse group of chemical compounds that occur naturally in various sources, including plants. These compounds are of considerable interest due to their unique properties and interactions within biological systems.
Understanding Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are a class of chemical compounds that interact with specific receptors in the body and brain. They are categorized by their origin: phytocannabinoids from plants, endocannabinoids synthesized by the human body, and synthetic cannabinoids created in laboratories. Regardless of their origin, these compounds bind to cannabinoid receptors, forming the basis of their influence on the body.
Key Plant-Derived Cannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids are found in the cannabis plant. Over 100 different cannabinoids have been identified in cannabis. The most recognized include Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). Different cannabis strains can have varying concentrations of these compounds.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
THC is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, responsible for the “high” sensation. It is well absorbed through inhalation or ingestion. THC helps with chronic pain and has antiemetic effects, useful for nausea and vomiting.
Cannabidiol (CBD)
CBD is a non-psychoactive compound that does not produce intoxicating effects. CBD has anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic properties. It is often used to reduce anxiety, inflammation, and seizures. CBD interacts with CB2 receptors, reducing inflammation.
Cannabigerol (CBG)
CBG is sometimes referred to as the “mother of all cannabinoids” because other cannabinoids are synthesized from its acidic form. CBG interacts with the endocannabinoid system. CBG has neuroprotective characteristics and can stimulate appetite.
Cannabinol (CBN)
CBN is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid. It is associated with sedative properties and contributes to sleep-inducing effects. CBN is often recommended for sleep support, mild pain relief, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Cannabichromene (CBC)
CBC is another non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid. It has anti-inflammatory and pain-relief properties.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and Cannabidivarin (CBDV)
THCV is a cannabinoid that differs from THC by having fewer psychoactive effects. CBDV is structurally similar to CBD. CBDV is being explored for potential applications, particularly in neurological conditions.
Cannabinoids from the Body and Lab
Beyond plant-derived compounds, cannabinoids also originate within the human body and through laboratory synthesis. Endocannabinoids are naturally produced neurotransmitters that play roles in various bodily functions. The two most studied endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).
Anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
Anandamide (AEA) is involved in regulating mood, appetite, and pain sensation. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is another major endocannabinoid, linked to appetite stimulation and pain management. Both AEA and 2-AG interact with cannabinoid receptors.
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids are laboratory-made substances designed to mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids. Many synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of cannabinoid receptors. They are typically sprayed onto plant material for smoking or used in liquid forms for vaping.
How Cannabinoids Affect the Body
Cannabinoids exert their effects by interacting with the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). This system helps maintain internal balance across various physiological processes. The ECS consists of endocannabinoids, enzymes that produce and break them down, and cannabinoid receptors located throughout the body.
The primary cannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are found in the brain and central nervous system, where they influence mood, memory, and pain perception. When activated, CB1 receptors can lead to psychoactive effects such as euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception. CB2 receptors are located in the immune system and peripheral tissues, where they play a role in inflammation and immune response. CBD interacts with CB2 receptors to reduce inflammation.
The interaction of cannabinoids with these receptors influences a wide range of bodily functions, including pain perception, mood, appetite, and sleep regulation. For example, THC’s interaction with the ECS can stimulate appetite, which is useful in certain medical conditions. Cannabinoids can also affect sleep patterns, aiding individuals with insomnia. The ECS also contributes to the regulation of memory and fertility.