Lactobacillus plantarum is a widely recognized bacterium that offers benefits for human health. This microorganism is distributed in various environments, including the human gastrointestinal tract and a wide array of fermented foods. Its applications and positive impact on well-being highlight its significance in the food industry and scientific research.
Understanding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium, characterized by its rod shape and ability to produce lactic acid. It is known for its adaptability, thriving in various environments with temperatures between 12-40 ℃ and pH levels ranging from 3.4-8.8. This resilience allows it to survive the acidic conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract, enabling it to colonize the gut lining and exert beneficial effects.
In April 2020, the scientific name changed from Lactobacillus plantarum to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. This taxonomic shift reflects new understanding of bacterial relationships and genetic diversity within the Lactobacillus genus, which was split into 25 different genera. Despite the name change, the inherent properties and health contributions of this bacterium remain consistent.
Where Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is Found
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is naturally present in a wide array of fermented foods, making it a common part of many traditional diets. Examples include fermented vegetables such as sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles, and brined olives, where it plays a key role in the fermentation process. It is also found in sourdough bread, fermented cereals like Nigerian Ogi, and some dairy products, including certain cheeses and fermented milk beverages.
Beyond fermented foods, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and vagina. In the food industry, this bacterium is used as a starter culture to enhance flavor, texture, and shelf-life of products. It is also a common ingredient in probiotic supplements.
Health Contributions of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Gastrointestinal Health
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supports gastrointestinal well-being. It helps maintain a balanced gut microbiota by competing with harmful bacteria and producing antimicrobial substances like organic acids and bacteriocins. This bacterium can enhance the integrity of the intestinal barrier, preventing harmful substances from leaking into the bloodstream and reducing inflammation. Specific strains have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), including abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel movements, by reducing gut inflammation and regulating bowel motility. It may also help with certain types of diarrhea, such as traveler’s diarrhea, though its effectiveness against antibiotic-associated diarrhea alone is not consistently supported.
Immune System Modulation
The bacterium also modulates the immune system. It interacts with immune cells in the gut, promoting a balanced immune response and reducing excessive inflammation. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can influence cytokine production, increasing anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreasing pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). This immunomodulatory effect may help prevent airway infections and manage conditions like eczema.
Nutrient Absorption and Synthesis
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can aid in nutrient absorption by breaking down food components and producing beneficial compounds. It ferments undigested carbohydrates, yielding short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which provide energy to colon cells and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. It may enhance the absorption of certain nutrients, such as iron, by lowering pH and activating enzymes. Additionally, certain strains can synthesize B-group vitamins, including riboflavin (B2) and folate, making these available to the host.
Gut-Brain Axis and Mental Well-being
Research highlights the connection between Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and mental well-being through the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome communicates with the brain via neural, immune, and hormonal pathways. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum may influence mood and stress by affecting neurotransmitter levels, such as dopamine and serotonin, and by reducing neuroinflammation. This interaction suggests potential psychobiotic effects, where beneficial bacteria can positively influence the nervous system and cognitive function.
Important Safety Considerations
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for most healthy individuals. It has been safely used in various food products and probiotic supplements.
However, some individuals may experience mild and temporary gastrointestinal side effects, such as gas or bloating, particularly when first introducing probiotics. These effects usually subside as the body adjusts.
Caution is recommended for individuals with compromised immune systems or severe pre-existing health conditions, as rare instances of infections, including blood infections, have occurred. People with damaged heart valves should also consult a healthcare professional before taking probiotics, especially prior to dental or surgical procedures. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, particularly during pregnancy or breastfeeding, to ensure it is appropriate for individual health needs.