Vaping involves using an electronic device to heat a liquid, creating an aerosol that is inhaled into the lungs. This liquid typically contains nicotine, flavorings, propylene glycol (PG), and vegetable glycerin (VG). The practice known as “zeroing a vape” is a technique where the user inhales the vapor and holds it in their lungs until little or no visible vapor is exhaled. This article explores the specific health consequences that arise from intentionally prolonging the contact time between this chemical aerosol and the delicate tissues of the respiratory system.
The Mechanics of Vapor Retention
The lungs are designed primarily for gas exchange, rapidly transferring oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out. When vapor is inhaled and held, the body’s natural mechanisms for gas exchange are exploited for absorbing the chemical components of the aerosol. The extended duration of retention forces the lungs to prioritize the uptake of substances like nicotine, solvents, and flavor compounds rather than immediately expelling them.
The aerosol particles, which are a mixture of liquid droplets and air, are driven deep into the alveoli, the tiny air sacs where absorption occurs. Holding the breath maximizes the time these particles remain in contact with the vast, thin surface area of the alveolar membranes. This deliberate retention is what allows the body to absorb a higher concentration of the inhaled substances, minimizing the visible plume upon exhalation. The immediate physical sensation of mucosal irritation and the forced delay of the natural exhale are direct results of this prolonged exposure within the respiratory tract.
Specific Health Risks of Prolonged Exposure
The act of zeroing exacerbates health risks by intentionally increasing the duration the lung tissue is exposed to the concentrated aerosol. This results in higher and faster spikes of nicotine in the bloodstream. This rapid and intense delivery can increase the severity of nicotine addiction and potentially raises the risk of acute nicotine toxicity symptoms.
Prolonged contact time between the aerosol and the lung’s delicate internal structures, such as the alveoli and bronchioles, increases local inflammation and cellular damage. Furthermore, the physical act of holding the breath, especially after a deep inhalation of vapor, leads to temporary oxygen deprivation. This restriction of oxygen intake can cause lightheadedness or dizziness, a sensation often misinterpreted by users as a more intense “nicotine rush.”
Inherent Dangers of Vaping Components
The act of vaping introduces a range of toxic chemicals and particles into the body. When e-liquids containing propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin are heated, they can degrade to form harmful carbonyl compounds. These toxic byproducts include formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde, which are known to cause lung and cardiovascular diseases.
Vaping devices also pose the danger of heavy metal exposure, as the heating coils can shed microscopic particles. Metals can be aerosolized and inhaled, where they pose a risk to the respiratory system. These metals include:
- Nickel
- Lead
- Chromium
- Tin
In addition, many flavorings contain compounds like diacetyl, which has been linked to bronchiolitis obliterans, an irreversible lung condition commonly known as “popcorn lung.” The long-term effects of repeatedly inhaling the primary solvents, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, remain under investigation, but studies have already shown they can be toxic to cells in the lungs.