Earwax, medically known as cerumen, is a natural substance produced within the ear canal. It plays a protective role for the delicate structures of the ear. Glands in the ear canal create this waxy substance, which helps to lubricate the ear and trap unwanted particles. Cerumen is a combination of secretions from sebaceous glands and modified sweat glands, along with dead skin cells and hair.
The Two Types of Earwax
Earwax presents in two primary forms: wet and dry, each with distinct physical characteristics. Wet earwax is commonly soft, sticky, and typically ranges in color from yellowish-brown to dark brown. It tends to be produced in larger quantities.
Dry earwax is generally flaky, brittle, and appears gray or whitish. This type is less common and is produced in smaller amounts. Both wet and dry earwax are considered normal variations, and their appearance can also be influenced by how long the wax has been in the ear, with older wax often appearing darker.
The Genetic Basis for Earwax Type
The type of earwax an individual has is determined by their genetic makeup, specifically a single gene known as ABCC11. A specific genetic variation within this gene dictates whether a person will have wet or dry earwax. The allele for wet earwax is dominant, meaning inheriting even one copy results in wet earwax. The allele for dry earwax is recessive, so individuals must inherit two copies to have dry earwax.
This genetic variation also correlates with geographical distribution patterns. The “dry” allele is most prevalent in East Asian populations, suggesting it originated in northeast Asia. Wet earwax is more common among people of European and African descent. This genetic difference is also linked to other traits, such as underarm odor, with the dry earwax allele correlating with reduced body odor.
Does One Type Indicate Health?
Neither wet nor dry earwax is inherently better or more indicative of ear health. Both types are normal, healthy variations determined by a person’s genetics. The type of earwax does not signify a person’s ear health or cleanliness. The presence of earwax, regardless of type, is a sign of a healthy, functioning ear.
However, changes in an individual’s typical earwax, rather than the type itself, can signal a health concern. For instance, a sudden change in color to green or red, a foul odor, or an unusually watery consistency might indicate an infection or injury. These changes warrant attention, but the fundamental type of earwax a person produces is simply a genetic characteristic.
Earwax Function and When to Seek Medical Advice
Earwax serves several important functions in maintaining ear health. It acts as a natural lubricant, preventing the ear canal skin from drying out and becoming itchy. The sticky nature of earwax helps to trap dust, foreign particles, and debris, preventing them from reaching the eardrum. Earwax also contains antimicrobial properties that help protect against bacterial and fungal infections.
While earwax is typically self-cleaning, it can accumulate and cause issues. If earwax becomes impacted, it can lead to symptoms such as a feeling of fullness in the ear, ear pain, hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), or dizziness. Unusual discharge, a foul odor, or persistent itching also indicate a potential problem. If any of these symptoms occur, consult a healthcare provider for safe removal and diagnosis, rather than attempting to remove the wax with cotton swabs or other objects, which can push the wax deeper and cause further problems.