Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) is a common native vine across North America, known for its vigorous growth and vibrant fall foliage. Despite its widespread presence, Virginia creeper is not edible for humans and contains toxic compounds that can cause adverse reactions if ingested or touched.
Virginia Creeper Toxicity and Dangers
All parts of Virginia creeper contain calcium oxalate crystals, known as raphides, which cause its toxicity. These needle-shaped crystals can cause irritation upon contact or ingestion. The berries and leaves generally contain the highest concentrations.
Ingesting any part of the plant, especially the dark blue berries, can cause immediate symptoms. These include a burning sensation and irritation in the mouth and throat, along with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty swallowing. Significant ingestion can lead to kidney damage.
Skin contact, particularly with the sap, may cause itching and a rash. If exposure or ingestion is suspected, wash affected skin thoroughly and seek prompt medical attention. Contacting poison control is also advisable.
Identifying Virginia Creeper
Virginia creeper is a woody, deciduous vine that can grow extensively, often reaching 40 to 60 feet. Its key identifying feature is compound leaves with five leaflets radiating from a central point, resembling fingers. While five leaflets are most common, young plants or new growth may sometimes have three or seven.
Leaflet edges are toothed, and each can be up to six inches long. The vine climbs using tendrils with small, oval adhesive disks, allowing it to cling to surfaces like trees, fences, and walls without penetrating them. In spring, it produces small, inconspicuous greenish flowers that develop into small, dark blue to black berries, about a quarter-inch in diameter, appearing in clusters by late summer or early fall. In autumn, its foliage transforms into vibrant red, orange, and purple.
Distinguishing From Common Look-Alikes
Virginia creeper is often confused with other plants, especially poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), due to similar vining habits and shared habitats. The primary distinction is leaf structure: Virginia creeper typically has five leaflets, while poison ivy consistently has three. This difference is remembered by the rhyme, “Leaves of three, let it be; leaves of five, let it thrive.”
Another difference is their berries. Virginia creeper produces dark blue or black berries resembling small grapes, while poison ivy produces white or cream-colored berries. Additionally, poison ivy vines often appear hairy from aerial roots, whereas Virginia creeper vines are smooth and use adhesive disks for climbing. Boston ivy, with its three-lobed leaves, is another look-alike.
Addressing Misconceptions and Safe Handling
Despite historical claims, Virginia creeper is not edible for humans. Suggestions of consuming its berries, roots, or shoots should be disregarded due to the irritating and toxic calcium oxalate crystals. While birds can safely eat the berries, this does not apply to humans or many pets.
For gardeners or anyone encountering Virginia creeper, practical safety measures are recommended. When handling the plant, wear gloves and long sleeves to minimize skin exposure to the sap, which can cause irritation. Avoid touching your face or eyes after contact. Educate children about not consuming unknown berries or plant parts found in nature to prevent accidental ingestion.