Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common and contagious viral illness that frequently affects young children. Many seek information about preventing this infection, particularly regarding vaccine availability. Understanding HFMD and current preventive options helps families manage this common condition.
Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is typically caused by viruses belonging to the enterovirus family, with Coxsackievirus A16 being the most common culprit in the United States. Other strains, such as Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A6, can also lead to the illness. EV71 is sometimes associated with more severe cases, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. The virus spreads easily through direct contact with an infected person’s respiratory secretions, like nose discharge or saliva, fluid from blisters, or stool. Contaminated objects can also transmit the disease.
Symptoms usually appear 3 to 6 days after exposure and can include fever, sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell. Painful, blister-like sores may develop in the mouth, often on the tongue, gums, and inside the cheeks. A non-itchy rash, sometimes with blisters, typically appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and occasionally on the buttocks or groin. While HFMD is common in children under 5 years old, anyone can contract it, and most individuals recover within 7 to 10 days.
The Current Landscape of HFMD Vaccines
The availability of an HFMD vaccine depends on geographical location and the specific viral strain. In some countries, notably China, vaccines have been developed and licensed to protect against certain types of the virus. These vaccines primarily target Enterovirus 71 (EV71), which has been linked to severe HFMD cases and fatalities in the Asia-Pacific region.
China approved the world’s first EV71 vaccine in December 2015, with others following shortly after. These inactivated whole-virus vaccines have shown high efficacy, ranging from 90.0% to 97.4% against EV71 disease after two doses. However, these EV71 vaccines do not protect against other HFMD strains, such as Coxsackievirus A16, common in regions like the United States. No single, widely available vaccine currently protects against all HFMD strains in areas like the United States or Europe.
Vaccine Research and Development Efforts
The development of a universal Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease vaccine presents complexities due to the variety of viral strains that can cause the illness. While EV71 vaccines are a significant step, many other coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses also cause HFMD. This diversity means a vaccine effective against one strain may not protect against others.
Researchers are exploring broader spectrum multivalent vaccines to protect against several common HFMD-causing enteroviruses. Efforts aim to target EV71, Coxsackievirus A16, and other prevalent strains like A6 and A10. The goal is comprehensive protection against various circulating strains, potentially using combined viral components or new technologies like mRNA platforms. Such advancements could significantly impact global HFMD prevention.
Preventive Measures and Home Care
Given the absence of a universal vaccine, practicing good hygiene is the primary method for preventing the spread of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended, especially after changing diapers, using the toilet, and before eating. Teaching children proper handwashing techniques is also important.
Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and shared items, such as toys and doorknobs, can help reduce viral transmission. Avoiding close contact, including hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils, with individuals who have HFMD can also prevent its spread.
If someone contracts HFMD, managing symptoms at home typically involves supportive care since there is no specific treatment. Over-the-counter pain relievers, like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can ease fever and discomfort. Encourage fluid intake, especially cool liquids, to prevent dehydration, as mouth sores can make swallowing difficult. Soft foods may also be easier to consume.
Seek medical attention if a child is under six months old, has a weakened immune system, a fever lasting over three days, signs of dehydration, or worsening symptoms that do not improve within 7 to 10 days.