Testicular cancer is a highly treatable malignancy when identified early, underscoring the importance of public health awareness campaigns. This cancer originates in the testicles and, while relatively uncommon overall, it disproportionately affects younger populations. Understanding the risks and recognizing subtle symptoms can significantly improve outcomes.
Designating the Awareness Month
April is recognized annually as Testicular Cancer Awareness Month. This designation focuses media attention, public education, and fundraising efforts into a concentrated period. Major health organizations and government bodies support this month-long campaign, often through official proclamations.
The awareness month helps distribute information about the disease’s signs, symptoms, and the importance of early detection to a wider audience. This public messaging is valuable for younger men who may not regularly discuss their health or receive routine cancer screenings. Campaigns encourage conversations that break down barriers surrounding male reproductive health.
Prevalence and Primary Risk Factors
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer affecting men between 15 and 40 years old. The average age at diagnosis is approximately 33 years, distinguishing it from many other cancers that affect older populations. While it is the most frequent cancer in this demographic, it remains an overall rare malignancy, accounting for about 1% of all adult neoplasms.
Incidence varies across ethnic groups, with non-Hispanic white men in the United States and Europe showing a significantly higher risk compared to other populations. Several established factors increase predisposition to the disease. The only unanimously recognized risk factor is cryptorchidism, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth.
Even if cryptorchidism is corrected surgically, the risk is still elevated compared to the general population (3.7 to 7.5 times higher). Family medical history is another strong indicator. Having a brother or father who had testicular cancer can increase a man’s risk by a factor of 8 to 12 and 2 to 4, respectively. A previous diagnosis of cancer in one testicle also substantially increases the probability of developing it in the other.
Essential Self-Examination Guidelines
The regular practice of a Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) is the most effective way to monitor for changes, as there is no standard clinical screening test for this cancer. Experts recommend performing a TSE monthly, beginning around age 15, to establish familiarity with what is normal for one’s own body. The best time to conduct the examination is during or immediately following a warm bath or shower, as the heat relaxes the scrotal skin and makes the testicles easier to feel.
The procedure should begin by visually inspecting the scrotum for any swelling. Next, gently roll each testicle between the thumb and fingers of both hands, checking one at a time. The goal is to feel the entire surface of the testicle for any hard lumps, smooth masses (nodules), or inconsistencies in firmness.
It is helpful to identify the epididymis, a soft, cord-like structure that sits at the back and top of the testicle, so it is not mistaken for an abnormal mass. Any new changes should prompt immediate medical consultation, including:
- A painless lump.
- An increase in size.
- A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.
- Any dull ache or discomfort in the groin.
It is common for one testicle to be slightly larger or hang lower than the other. Although cancerous tumors are often painless, any noticeable change warrants a professional evaluation.