Plasma donation serves as a medical procedure, providing a component of blood used in therapies for conditions like immune system disorders or bleeding disorders. While generally considered safe, donors may experience certain reactions or side effects. Understanding these potential downsides helps individuals make informed decisions.
Immediate Physical Reactions
Donors commonly experience mild physical reactions during or immediately following plasma donation. Lightheadedness, dizziness, and even fainting can occur due to the temporary reduction in blood volume and fluid loss, leading to a drop in blood pressure. The removal of plasma, which contains water, nutrients, and salts, can cause a temporary electrolyte imbalance, contributing to these sensations.
Fatigue is another frequent side effect, as the body works to replenish lost nutrients and salts. Bruising or soreness at the needle insertion site is also common. This occurs when the needle punctures the skin and vein, causing blood to leak into surrounding tissues. Coldness during donation can be attributed to the return of blood components, often mixed with saline, which may be cooler than body temperature.
Less Common Adverse Events
Less frequent but more impactful adverse events can occur. A citrate reaction is caused by the anticoagulant citrate used to prevent blood clotting during plasma separation. A small amount returns to the donor’s bloodstream, temporarily binding to calcium. Symptoms include tingling around the lips, fingers, and toes, a metallic taste, chills, shivering, or muscle twitching. In rare severe cases, a rapid or slow pulse and shortness of breath may occur.
Infection at the needle site, though rare, is possible whenever the skin barrier is broken. Bacteria from the skin or needle can enter the body, leading to localized pain, swelling, redness, warmth, or tenderness around the injection site. Vein irritation or damage can also occur, especially with repeated donations or challenging needle insertions. While scarring from repeated donations is uncommon, some individuals may experience prolonged discomfort or visible marks.
Managing and Reducing Risks
Donors can minimize potential reactions. Adequate hydration is important; drinking plenty of water before and after donation helps counteract fluid loss and maintain blood volume, reducing dizziness and fatigue. Eating a balanced, protein-rich meal before donation helps stabilize blood sugar and energy, preventing lightheadedness. Getting sufficient rest before a donation supports recovery and can reduce post-donation fatigue.
During the donation process, communicating any discomfort to staff is important, as they can adjust the procedure or provide assistance. After donation, avoid strenuous activities and heavy lifting for several hours to allow the body to recover and prevent bruising or irritation at the needle site. If symptoms persist or worsen, or if signs of infection appear, seek medical attention and inform the donation center.