The ZZ Plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) is a popular houseplant choice due to its glossy, dark green leaves and ability to thrive in various light conditions with minimal care. Often called the Zanzibar Gem, this hardy, low-maintenance plant is a favorite for both experienced and novice enthusiasts.
Despite its resilience, the ZZ Plant possesses a defense mechanism that poses a risk to household members. All parts of the plant are considered toxic to humans and animals if ingested or handled improperly. Understanding the source of this toxicity and how to mitigate the risks is necessary for responsible ownership.
What Makes the ZZ Plant Toxic?
The plant’s toxic properties stem from microscopic calcium oxalate crystals present throughout its leaves, stems, and sap. These crystals are a natural defense mechanism used to deter grazing animals. Within the plant cells, these crystals are stored as needle-shaped structures known as raphides. When the plant is damaged, such as by chewing or breaking a stem, these tiny, sharp needles are forcefully expelled.
The raphides cause immediate, localized irritation upon contact with sensitive tissues. When ingested, the crystals stab the soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. This mechanical irritation causes the body’s immediate, painful reaction, including swelling and a burning sensation. The toxicity results from this direct physical damage, not from a systemic poison absorbed into the bloodstream.
Signs of Exposure in Humans and Pets
Symptoms of exposure are nearly immediate and highly localized, serving as a powerful deterrent to further ingestion. For humans, contact with the sap can result in skin irritation, redness, and a mild rash known as contact dermatitis. If the sap gets into the eyes, it causes significant pain and irritation, requiring prompt rinsing. Ingestion of any part of the plant triggers an intense, burning sensation in the mouth and throat due to the physical penetration of the crystals.
Pets, such as cats and dogs, often exhibit immediate distress signals if they chew the foliage. Common signs include excessive drooling, pawing at the mouth, and vocalizing due to oral discomfort. Ingestion often leads to gastrointestinal upset, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea. Although the pain usually prevents consuming large quantities, swelling of the tongue, mouth, and throat can sometimes become severe enough to cause difficulty swallowing or breathing, requiring immediate attention.
Protecting Your Household and Emergency Steps
Preventing exposure is the most effective approach to managing the ZZ Plant’s toxicity. Always place the plant in areas completely out of reach of children and pets. When handling the plant for routine care, such as repotting or pruning, wear protective gloves to prevent sap from contacting the skin. Tools used for pruning should be washed thoroughly after use, and hands should be washed immediately.
If accidental contact occurs, immediately rinse the affected area with water. For skin contact, washing with soap and water should relieve irritation. If ingestion is suspected, immediately rinse the person’s or pet’s mouth to remove residual plant material. Offering small amounts of milk or water can help dilute the crystals and soothe the burning sensation. For any severe reaction, especially swelling that affects breathing or swallowing, seek professional help immediately by contacting a veterinarian or Poison Control.