Yarrow, scientifically known as Achillea millefolium, is a resilient herbaceous perennial belonging to the daisy family. It is recognized by its fern-like foliage and clusters of small, typically white flowers. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia and Europe, yarrow is indeed native to North America.
Historical Roots in North America
Yarrow has a long-established presence across North America, predating European settlement. Its extensive use by indigenous peoples for centuries, including for medicinal properties like treating wounds, fevers, headaches, and digestive issues, supports its native status. The existence of specific words for yarrow in numerous Native American languages further indicates its deep historical roots. Genetic studies also support this, showing distinct North American genotypes and clades of Achillea millefolium. While some hybridization with European varieties has occurred, native yarrow was already a well-integrated part of the continent’s flora.
Natural Habitat and Range
Yarrow exhibits a wide natural distribution across North America, stretching from coast to coast. It thrives in diverse environments, from northern regions down to warmer climates like New Mexico and Baja California, and is commonly found in grasslands, meadows, and open woodlands. Its adaptability allows it to flourish in disturbed areas such as roadsides, pastures, and fallow fields. Yarrow tolerates a broad range of elevations, from sea level up to 11,500 feet, and can grow in various soil types, including dry, sandy, clay, and even poor or infertile soils.
Native Versus Cultivated Varieties
While Achillea millefolium is native to North America, many yarrow varieties commonly found in gardens are cultivated forms or hybrids, often deriving from European or Asian species or being crosses not strictly native to the continent. Wild native yarrow typically produces white flowers, sometimes with a pale pink hue, and has a more modest growth habit. In contrast, cultivated varieties are bred for a wider spectrum of flower colors, including yellows, reds, oranges, and various shades of pink, often with larger flower heads or taller stems. The choice between native and cultivated yarrow has ecological implications: native varieties are adapted to local ecosystems, providing optimal food and habitat for native pollinators. Some non-native cultivars, particularly those with altered flower colors or structures, may be less attractive or beneficial to local pollinator species.