The Tasmanian Devil is often mistakenly believed to be extinct. This is not the case; however, this unique marsupial is currently classified as an endangered species. Exclusively found on the island of Tasmania, off the coast of Australia, the devil faces severe threats to its survival.
Current Status and Native Habitat
The Tasmanian Devil ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) is listed as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. This classification indicates a high risk of extinction in the wild. While once present across mainland Australia, they became extinct there approximately 3,500 years ago, possibly due to the introduction of the dingo. Today, their native range is confined to the island of Tasmania.
These stocky, carnivorous marsupials weigh between 4 to 14 kilograms and stand about 30 centimeters tall. They possess a robust build, black fur often with white patches, and a powerful bite, allowing them to crush bones. Primarily nocturnal, Tasmanian Devils inhabit a wide variety of environments across the island, including dry sclerophyll forests, coastal heaths, and even the outskirts of urban areas, where they often scavenge for food.
Significant Threats to Survival
The most significant threat to the Tasmanian Devil population is Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD). This aggressive, transmissible cancer manifests as visible lumps and ulcerating tissue around the mouth and face. The tumors grow rapidly, impairing the animal’s ability to eat, which leads to death from starvation or secondary infections within six months of symptoms appearing.
DFTD is spread through direct contact, primarily when devils bite each other. The disease has caused an estimated 80% decline in the devil population since its emergence in 1996, with local declines reaching over 90%. Two known strains, DFT1 and DFT2, are highly fatal. Beyond this infectious disease, other dangers include habitat loss and fragmentation from human development, and roadkill, as devils are often struck by vehicles while scavenging on carrion along roadsides.
Conservation Efforts in Action
Extensive conservation efforts are underway to protect the Tasmanian Devil. A primary strategy involves establishing “insurance populations” of disease-free devils in captive breeding programs across Australian zoos and on isolated islands like Maria Island. These programs aim to maintain genetic diversity and provide a healthy reserve population for potential reintroduction into the wild.
Research is also focused on understanding DFTD, including investigating natural resistance to the disease and developing potential vaccines. Scientists are exploring how the cancer evades the devil’s immune system, with some studies focusing on inducing an immune response. Initiatives like road safety awareness campaigns and roadkill removal aim to reduce vehicle-related deaths.