The String of Pearls plant (Senecio rowleyanus or Curio rowleyanus) is a distinctive succulent characterized by trailing stems and spherical, bead-like leaves. Often displayed in hanging baskets, its unique appearance makes it an attractive addition to many homes. Despite its charm, the String of Pearls plant is considered toxic if ingested by humans or pets. Owners must manage this risk, especially in households with curious children or animals.
The Toxic Compound and Affected Species
The Toxic Compound
The primary toxic agents in the String of Pearls plant are Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs). These alkaloids are present in the plant’s sap, making the entire plant material harmful if consumed. PAs are metabolized by the liver, which converts them into highly reactive, toxic compounds called pyrroles. This metabolic process makes the liver the most significantly affected organ, as the pyrroles damage liver cells.
Affected Species
While acute toxicity from ingesting a small piece is generally low, the risk is cumulative. Repeated exposure can lead to chronic liver damage. Cats, dogs, and humans, particularly small children, are the species most vulnerable to this toxicity.
Signs of Ingestion and Exposure
Ingestion Symptoms
Ingestion of the String of Pearls plant typically results in gastrointestinal distress, ranging from minor to moderate. Common signs in both pets and humans include vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. Excessive drooling or signs of oral irritation may also occur immediately after consumption due to the plant’s irritating sap.
Dermal Contact
Direct contact with the plant’s sap can cause localized reactions, known as contact dermatitis. This dermal exposure manifests as a rash, redness, itching, or inflammation of the skin. If a pet chews the plant, the mouth and throat tissues may become irritated and swollen. Any suspicion of consumption, especially in pets or children, requires immediate professional attention.
Safe Handling and Placement
The most effective strategy for managing the risk is to place the plant in an area completely inaccessible to vulnerable individuals. Hanging planters or high shelving units are the optimal locations for display. Owners must regularly trim the trailing vines before they grow long enough to dangle within reach of a pet or child. Any fallen “pearls” or leaves should be picked up and disposed of immediately, as they still contain the toxic sap. When handling the plant for pruning or repotting, it is advisable to wear gloves to prevent the irritating sap from causing contact dermatitis.
Emergency Response
Should accidental ingestion or exposure occur, owners must act quickly and not attempt home remedies. For human exposure, immediately contact the national Poison Control Center. For pets, reach out to your veterinarian or a pet-specific poison control hotline. Having these emergency contact numbers readily available is sensible when owning any potentially toxic houseplant.