The common houseplant known as the snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata or Dracaena trifasciata) is popular for its hardiness and striking upright leaves. While generally safe, the plant contains substances that classify it as mildly toxic if consumed by a human. This toxicity is not life-threatening, but ingestion can cause uncomfortable, localized reactions.
The Toxic Compounds in Snake Plants
The plant’s natural defense against herbivores is rooted in chemical compounds called saponins. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides that produce a foam when mixed with water, similar to soap. These substances are concentrated throughout the leaves, roots, and sap of the snake plant.
When ingested, saponins interact with and irritate the mucous membranes of the digestive system. Their detergent-like properties disrupt the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract. This mechanism causes the subsequent symptoms of discomfort and distress. Because saponins impart a bitter taste, severe systemic poisoning is rare.
Human Symptoms Following Ingestion
Ingestion typically results in an immediate, localized reaction in the mouth and throat. Initial contact with saponins often causes a burning sensation or localized pain in the oral cavity. This may be followed by noticeable swelling or numbness of the tongue, lips, or surrounding tissues.
Once the plant material reaches the stomach, the saponins irritate the gastrointestinal lining. This irritation leads to digestive symptoms, including nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea may also develop as the body attempts to expel the irritating compounds.
These symptoms are generally self-limiting and resolve shortly after the stomach is cleared. The toxicity is confined to the gastrointestinal system and does not typically result in major organ damage or long-term health consequences. Discomfort is usually proportional to the amount consumed, with young children being the most common victims of accidental ingestion.
Emergency Actions and Prevention
If ingestion is suspected, the first action should be to clean the mouth thoroughly to remove any remaining plant fragments. Rinsing the mouth with cool water helps wash away residual sap and alleviate the immediate burning sensation. It is also advised to drink small amounts of water or milk to help dilute the stomach contents.
Immediately contact a Poison Control Center for professional advice. Experts can provide guidance based on the amount consumed and the symptoms displayed. Medical professionals generally advise against inducing vomiting unless specifically instructed by a poison control expert.
Prevention remains the most effective strategy for households with small children or pets. Placing the snake plant on a high shelf or in an inaccessible room significantly reduces the risk of accidental ingestion. Given the mild nature of the toxicity, keeping the plant out of reach is sufficient to safely enjoy this greenery.