The nasal septum, a key component of the human respiratory system, is composed of both cartilage and bone. This dual composition allows it to perform its essential functions. Understanding the distinct roles of these tissues provides insight into the septum’s structural integrity and its importance for breathing.
What is the Nasal Septum?
The nasal septum is a dividing wall located centrally within the nose, separating the nasal cavity into two distinct passages. This internal partition extends from the front of the nose to the back of the nasal cavity. Its primary role involves supporting the nose’s structure and ensuring airflow is separated and directed through each nostril. By maintaining this division, the septum contributes to conditioning inhaled air before it reaches the lungs.
The Septum’s Unique Structure
The nasal septum’s structure has two primary components: a cartilaginous front part and a bony back part. The anterior, or front, portion is made of hyaline cartilage, known as the septal or quadrangular cartilage. This flexible sheet of cartilage forms the movable part of the septum and extends towards the tip of the nose.
Behind this flexible cartilage lies the rigid, bony section of the septum. This posterior part is formed by two bones: the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in the upper part, and the vomer bone, which forms the lower and rear portion. These bony structures provide a stable foundation for the septum. The septal cartilage often fits into a gap between these two bones, creating a unified partition.
Why the Septum’s Structure Matters
The combination of cartilage and bone in the nasal septum is crucial for its multifaceted functions. The flexible hyaline cartilage allows the nose to absorb impacts and flex without fracturing. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for the external, more exposed part of the nose, offering resilience during everyday activities.
The rigid bony components provide stability and structural support for the deeper nasal cavity. This bony framework helps maintain the nose’s overall shape and protects delicate internal structures. The combined design ensures stability and shock absorption, essential for clear nasal passages and respiratory support.
Common Septum Conditions
The nasal septum can be involved in several common conditions that affect breathing and nasal function. A deviated septum occurs when this dividing wall is off-center or crooked, which can be congenital or due to injury. This misalignment can reduce airflow through one or both nostrils, leading to symptoms like difficulty breathing, nasal congestion, or frequent nosebleeds.
The septum’s composition also influences its susceptibility to injuries, such as fractures from trauma. While the cartilage offers some flexibility, severe forces can damage both the cartilaginous and bony parts. Septum perforations, or holes, can arise from chronic irritation, previous surgery, or certain drug use. These perforations can lead to whistling noises, crusting, or nosebleeds.