The plant known scientifically as Caladium bicolor is a popular ornamental grown for its brightly colored, heart-shaped leaves, earning it common names like “Heart of Jesus Plant” and “Angel Wings.” This plant is toxic if any part is chewed or ingested. All parts of the Caladium, including the leaves, stems, and tubers, contain irritants that cause immediate and intense irritation. Homeowners with pets or small children should exercise caution when displaying this tropical species.
The Immediate Answer: Toxicity Status and Mechanism
The toxicity of the Caladium plant stems from its classification in the Araceae family, a group of plants that produce specialized defense compounds. These plants contain insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, which act as the primary irritant upon contact. The crystals themselves are microscopic, needle-shaped structures known as raphides, which are stored under pressure within specialized plant cells called idioblasts.
When a leaf or stem is chewed, the mechanical action breaks the idioblast cells, forcefully ejecting the raphides. These needle-like crystals penetrate the soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract, causing immediate mechanical injury. This penetration causes the intense burning sensation and subsequent swelling, which is compounded by the release of other irritant substances, such as proteases, present in the plant’s sap. The resulting reaction serves as an immediate deterrent to consumption.
Recognizing Symptoms of Caladium Poisoning
The immediate reaction to ingesting a piece of Caladium is a severe burning sensation in the mouth and throat. This intense pain causes the affected person or animal to quickly cease chewing and attempt to expel the material. Swelling of the tongue, lips, and oral cavity follows rapidly, which can become severe enough to impair speaking or swallowing.
In humans, symptoms often include a hoarse voice, increased salivation, and an inability to swallow. Pets like cats and dogs exhibit similar signs, frequently pawing at their mouth, drooling excessively, and showing signs of oral pain. Vomiting and diarrhea may occur as secondary symptoms if the plant material is swallowed, irritating the stomach and intestines.
Swelling of the upper airway, though rare, is the most serious potential complication. This swelling can lead to breathing difficulties, requiring immediate medical intervention.
First Aid and Safe Handling Practices
Immediate action is necessary if ingestion is suspected. The first step is to remove any remaining plant material from the mouth, which should then be wiped out with a cold, wet cloth. If the individual is conscious and able to swallow, giving them a small amount of milk or water can help wash down remaining crystals and soothe the irritated tissues.
For skin or eye contact, thoroughly rinsing the affected area with water for at least 15 minutes is recommended. Following these first aid steps, contact a Poison Control Center or a veterinarian for further guidance. When calling, be prepared to share the person’s or pet’s age and weight, the name of the plant, what part was ingested, the estimated amount, and the time of the incident.
To prevent accidental exposure in the home, place Caladium plants on high shelves or in areas inaccessible to children and pets. Homeowners may also consider removing the plant entirely to eliminate any risk of accidental ingestion.