Trichoderma is a widespread fungus found naturally in diverse environments across the globe. It thrives in soil, on decaying wood, and with plant roots. Trichoderma species are extensively utilized in agriculture and horticulture as biocontrol agents, protecting plants from diseases, and as plant growth promoters, enhancing plant health and productivity.
General Safety of Trichoderma
For most individuals with healthy immune systems, Trichoderma species are generally non-pathogenic and pose no significant health threat. Human exposure through environmental contact with soil and plants is common, typically without adverse effects. The human body usually manages inhaled or ingested Trichoderma spores effectively.
Trichoderma products are widely used in agricultural and biotechnological applications, reflecting their established safety profile. They are marketed as biopesticides, biofertilizers, and growth enhancers, with many approved for organic farming. While some strains produce secondary metabolites, general caution and good hygiene practices are advised when working with them, as with any biological agent.
Specific Health Considerations
While generally safe, Trichoderma can present health considerations under specific circumstances. It can act as an allergen for sensitive individuals. Exposure to Trichoderma spores may lead to respiratory issues like sneezing, coughing, runny nose, watery eyes, difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, or asthma. Skin reactions like redness, swelling, itching, or hives can also occur.
Individuals with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Severe cases are uncommon, reported mainly in people with weakened immunity, such as transplant recipients. Trichoderma longibrachiatum is the species most frequently associated with human infections. Infections can manifest as invasive sinusitis, brain abscesses, liver, skin, or disseminated diseases. These fungi must grow at body temperature (approximately 37°C) to cause deep infections. Some Trichoderma species, such as T. viride and T. longibrachiatum, can produce mycotoxins like gliotoxin or trilongins, which may influence the immune system or possess neurotoxic properties.
High exposure scenarios increase the likelihood of adverse effects. This includes working with large quantities in agricultural or industrial settings, or prolonged presence in heavily contaminated indoor environments. Trichoderma can grow indoors on water-damaged materials like wood, gypsum board, wallpaper, carpets, and air conditioning filters, where spores can become airborne and lead to higher inhalation levels.
Minimizing Exposure and Risk
To minimize potential exposure, especially for those with sensitivities or compromised immune systems, several practical measures can be taken.
When handling soil, compost, or Trichoderma products, wear protective equipment like gloves to prevent skin contact.
Use a mask, especially when working with dry or powdered Trichoderma formulations, to reduce spore inhalation.
Ensure proper ventilation where Trichoderma products are used, particularly indoors or in enclosed spaces, to disperse airborne spores.
After working with soil, plants, or fungal products, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water to remove fungal particles.
If persistent symptoms like respiratory distress, skin irritation, or unusual reactions occur after exposure to Trichoderma, consult a healthcare professional.