THCP is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, though its natural availability is very low compared to THC or CBD. Making THCP widely accessible for consumer products involves a blend of natural origin and advanced scientific methods.
Discovery and Natural Presence
THCP was first identified in 2019 by Italian researchers, with findings published in Scientific Reports. This discovery occurred during the analysis of a medicinal cannabis strain.
Despite its natural presence, THCP exists only in trace amounts within the Cannabis sativa L. plant, typically less than 0.1% of its dry weight. Its extremely low natural concentration makes direct extraction from the plant impractical for commercial purposes.
Unlike abundant cannabinoids like THC or CBD, most THCP products are not simply extracted from plant material. This low abundance explains why its discovery was relatively recent, requiring advanced analytical techniques to detect and isolate it.
How THCP is Produced
Given its trace natural presence, THCP is primarily produced through a semi-synthetic process in laboratory settings. This method typically begins with abundant cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), often derived from hemp. CBD serves as a precursor due to its similar molecular backbone.
The chemical transformation involves altering CBD’s molecular structure to yield THCP. This is achieved by extending its carbon side chain from five atoms, as found in CBD or THC, to seven carbon atoms, characteristic of THCP. The process requires precise chemical reactions and controlled laboratory conditions to ensure the desired molecular change.
Unique Properties of THCP
What distinguishes THCP from other cannabinoids, particularly THC, is its unique molecular structure. While sharing a similar core framework with THC, THCP possesses a longer alkyl side chain composed of seven carbon atoms, known as a heptyl chain. In contrast, THC features a five-carbon (pentyl) side chain.
This seemingly minor structural difference profoundly impacts how THCP interacts with the human body’s endocannabinoid system. Research indicates that this extended side chain allows THCP to bind significantly more effectively to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, which is primarily responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Studies suggest THCP’s binding affinity for the CB1 receptor is approximately 30 to 33 times greater than that of Delta-9 THC. This enhanced interaction suggests that even small concentrations of THCP could potentially elicit noticeable effects.
Legal Landscape and Consumer Insights
The legal status of THCP is currently evolving and can be complex, often falling into a gray area under the 2018 Farm Bill in the United States. This federal legislation legalized hemp and its derivatives, provided they contain no more than 0.3% Delta-9 THC by dry weight. Since THCP is typically derived from hemp, many interpret it as federally compliant if it adheres to this Delta-9 THC limit.
State laws vary considerably, with some states imposing stricter regulations or outright bans on THCP and other hemp-derived cannabinoids, regardless of their Delta-9 THC content. For consumers, the lack of comprehensive regulation and standardized testing for THCP products raises concerns. It is advisable to seek products with transparent labeling and third-party lab testing results (Certificates of Analysis or COAs). COAs verify cannabinoid content, including Delta-9 THC levels, and confirm the absence of contaminants.