Understanding Hardwood and Softwood
The classification of wood into “hardwood” and “softwood” is based on botanical characteristics, not on the wood’s actual density or hardness. This distinction primarily relates to the type of tree from which the wood originates. Hardwoods come from angiosperm trees, which are flowering plants. These trees typically have broad leaves and, in temperate climates, are deciduous, meaning they shed their leaves annually. Their wood features complex pore structures, which are vessels for water transport.
In contrast, softwoods are derived from gymnosperm trees, specifically conifers. These trees generally produce cones and have needles or scales rather than broad leaves. Most conifers are evergreen, retaining their foliage year-round, although there are exceptions. The cellular structure of softwood is simpler, primarily consisting of tracheids for water conduction and support. This botanical difference is the true basis for categorizing wood, rather than how resistant the wood is to indentation.
Tamarack’s True Classification and Properties
Tamarack, scientifically known as Larix laricina or Eastern Larch, is botanically classified as a softwood. It belongs to the Larix genus within the Pinaceae family, making it a conifer. Despite its softwood classification, tamarack possesses a unique characteristic that often leads to confusion: it is one of the few deciduous conifers. Unlike most conifers that remain evergreen, tamarack sheds its needles in the fall after they turn a distinctive yellow, similar to many broadleaf deciduous trees.
The wood of tamarack exhibits properties that can rival some hardwoods, contributing further to this misconception. It is recognized as one of the densest softwoods in North America, offering notable strength and dimensional stability. Tamarack wood has a yellowish to medium orangish-brown heartwood and a narrow, nearly white sapwood. Its grain can be straight or spiraled, with a medium to fine texture that sometimes feels oily or waxy. Furthermore, tamarack shows moderate natural resistance to decay and insects, which makes it durable without requiring chemical treatments.
Common Uses of Tamarack
The inherent properties of tamarack wood, such as its density, strength, and resistance to decay, make it suitable for a variety of demanding applications, despite its classification as a softwood. It is frequently employed in structural contexts, including utility poles, posts, and rough lumber for construction. Its mechanical properties, particularly its high resistance to bending and compression, are comparable to some hardwoods, making it a reliable choice for these uses.
Tamarack’s natural durability and decay resistance also make it well-suited for outdoor applications where exposure to moisture is common. It has been historically and currently used for railway ties, fence posts, decking, and even boat building. Beyond these structural and outdoor uses, tamarack has found other specialized applications. Historically, its wood was utilized for snowshoe frames, canoe construction, and even as pulpwood for paper production. The distinctive grain pattern of tamarack wood also makes it appealing for certain furniture pieces and finishing lumber.