Synthetic clothing, including fabrics like polyester, nylon, and acrylic, is manufactured from synthetic polymers derived primarily from petrochemicals, making them plastic-based fibers. Their widespread adoption is due to their affordability, durability, and performance characteristics. Since these materials are in constant, direct contact with the skin, concerns focus on chemical residues, physical properties, and microscopic shedding that may impact well-being, which is an area of ongoing scientific scrutiny.
Chemical Residues and Skin Sensitivity
The manufacturing process for synthetic textiles involves numerous chemical treatments, and residues of these substances can remain in the finished garment. A significant concern involves azo dyes, which are widely used for coloring fabrics but can break down into carcinogenic aromatic amines. The resulting compounds, such as o-toluidine, are linked to allergic contact dermatitis and are restricted in clothing that directly touches the skin. Formaldehyde is frequently applied as a finishing agent to provide wrinkle resistance and durability. Residual formaldehyde is a known irritant that can cause skin sensitivity and respiratory issues. Furthermore, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used to impart water and stain-repellent properties. These “forever chemicals” raise concern due to their persistence and potential for dermal absorption. When the fabric is exposed to body heat or sweat, these chemicals can leach out of the fibers and be absorbed directly through the skin.
Restricted Airflow and Skin Health
Many common synthetic fabrics are non-porous, preventing the natural exchange of air and moisture vapor between the skin and the environment. This structure creates an insulating layer against the body, often leading to increased heat retention, sometimes referred to as the “sauna effect.” When a person sweats, the fabric’s inability to effectively wick moisture away traps the dampness and warmth against the skin. This warm, moist environment creates an ideal breeding ground for the overgrowth of various microorganisms. Specific species, including odor-producing bacteria and fungi like Candida, can proliferate, leading to persistent body odor and a higher risk of skin conditions. The resulting microbial imbalance can manifest as folliculitis, heat rash, or exacerbate chronic conditions such as atopic dermatitis (eczema). Furthermore, the friction of these materials against damp skin can break down the skin barrier, allowing irritants and pathogens to penetrate more easily.
The Issue of Microfiber Exposure
Synthetic textiles shed microscopic strands of plastic, known as microfibers, through daily wear, laundering, and agitation. These tiny fibers become airborne and are pervasive, particularly in indoor environments where textiles are abundant. Human exposure occurs through inhalation and direct dermal contact. Once inhaled, microfibers can settle deep within the respiratory system, leading to concerns about local inflammation and irritation in the lungs. Research suggests that chronic exposure to these particles may be linked to respiratory issues. Microfibers also act as vectors, readily adsorbing and carrying concentrated doses of environmental pollutants and chemical additives. These adsorbed toxins, such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), can then potentially be released inside the body, compounding the risk associated with the plastic particle itself.
Choosing Safer Fabric Options
Consumers seeking to minimize their exposure to the potential drawbacks of synthetic clothing have several alternatives. Natural fibers offer superior breathability and moisture management, which helps maintain skin health and reduce microbial growth. Fabrics like organic cotton, linen, hemp, and wool are recommended alternatives, especially for base layers and intimate apparel. Choosing items made from these natural materials that are also organic or undyed can help ensure a reduced chemical load. For garments that must be synthetic, such as specialized performance wear, look for certifications that indicate testing for harmful substances. The Oeko-Tex Standard 100 certification, for instance, tests the finished product for over a hundred harmful chemicals, including heavy metals, formaldehyde, and certain dyes. Washing new synthetic clothes before the first wear can help remove some of the residual surface chemicals and excess dyes. Additionally, opting for loose-fitting synthetics over tight compression garments will improve airflow and reduce skin irritation.