Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by a compromised skin barrier function. This barrier defect makes the skin more susceptible to irritants, allergens, and moisture loss, often leading to dryness, redness, and itching. For individuals managing this condition, the question of whether swimming is safe is a frequent concern. The answer is nuanced: swimming is not strictly harmful, but the type of water and the preparation routine can significantly impact the skin’s reaction.
Understanding the Impact of Chlorine on Skin
Pool swimming presents a specific challenge due to the regular presence of chlorine, a necessary disinfectant used to eliminate harmful bacteria and pathogens. Chlorine acts as a powerful chemical that strips the skin of its natural protective oils, known as sebum. This essential oily layer is responsible for maintaining moisture and shielding the deeper skin layers from the environment.
When this sebum is removed by chlorine, the skin’s barrier is further weakened, leading to increased transepidermal water loss and subsequent dryness. This dehydration is a primary trigger for eczema flare-ups, as the skin becomes irritated and inflamed. The problem is often exacerbated by compounds called chloramines, which are formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter like sweat, urine, and skin cells.
Chloramines are particularly irritating and are the source of the strong “chlorine smell” often associated with pools, signaling a reaction that can intensify skin and eye irritation. Furthermore, the pH level of the pool water contributes to the issue. Treated water is typically maintained at a slightly alkaline pH (around 7.2 to 7.8), which disrupts the skin’s natural acidic mantle, making the skin drier and more vulnerable to external stressors.
Despite its drying effects, chlorine is chemically related to the bleach used in diluted bleach baths, which are sometimes recommended by dermatologists for managing severe eczema. The antibacterial properties of chlorine can potentially reduce the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the skin, which is often linked to eczema infections. For some individuals, this antiseptic effect may temporarily soothe symptoms.
Comparing Ocean and Freshwater Swimming
Natural water sources offer an alternative to chlorinated pools, but each comes with its own set of considerations for sensitive skin. Ocean water, or saltwater, can be a double-edged sword for people with eczema. The high concentration of salt can be significantly drying, as the salt draws water out of the skin through an osmotic effect.
If saltwater is allowed to dry on the skin, the remaining salt crystals can cause irritation and leave the skin feeling tight. However, ocean water also contains various minerals, such as magnesium, which are recognized for their potential anti-inflammatory properties. For some, this mineral content can be soothing and may help to reduce inflammation associated with the condition.
Freshwater bodies, such as lakes and rivers, present a different type of risk due to their uncontrolled environment. These sources can contain various unseen contaminants, including bacteria, algae, and pollutants, which can easily trigger an eczema flare-up. Unlike pools, natural freshwater does not have a consistent disinfection process, making it an unpredictable choice for sensitive skin. The water quality in lakes and rivers can fluctuate dramatically, especially after periods of heavy rain, which makes thorough rinsing immediately after swimming particularly important.
Essential Skin Care Routine for Swimmers with Eczema
A structured skincare routine is paramount for mitigating the drying and irritating effects of any type of swimming water. Before entering the water, a proactive barrier must be established on the skin. Applying a thick layer of a barrier ointment, such as petroleum jelly, or a rich emollient cream is highly effective. This layer acts as a physical shield, minimizing direct contact between the water and the compromised skin barrier.
During the swim, it is beneficial to limit the time spent in the water, especially when first testing a new pool or water source. Avoiding long periods of submersion reduces the overall exposure of the skin to potential irritants and minimizes the stripping of natural oils. After exiting the water, the process of immediate and thorough cleansing is the single most important step.
A cool or lukewarm shower is necessary to rinse off all traces of chlorine, salt, or contaminants from the skin’s surface. It is important to avoid hot water, as it further strips the skin of oils and promotes dryness. Following this rinse, a generous amount of your prescribed emollient or moisturizer should be applied immediately, ideally within three minutes of gently patting the skin dry. This rapid application, often referred to as the “soak and seal” method, locks in the residual moisture from the shower, effectively rehydrating the skin and repairing the barrier function.