Squamous mucosa is a type of tissue composed of flat, thin cells called squamous cells, found lining various parts of the body like the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, and cervix. This protective lining acts as a barrier, shielding underlying tissues from physical damage, infections, and irritation. When these cells undergo abnormal changes and grow uncontrollably, they can lead to squamous cell carcinoma.
What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a cancer that originates in squamous cells, the flat cells found in the outermost layer of the skin and the lining of many internal organs. SCC develops when DNA damage, often from environmental factors, causes these cells to grow abnormally and rapidly. This uncontrolled growth can form tumors. If left untreated, SCC can grow deeper into surrounding tissues and, in some cases, spread to other parts of the body. It is the second most common type of skin cancer.
Where Squamous Cell Carcinoma Develops
Squamous cell carcinoma can develop wherever squamous cells are present. The skin is the most common site, especially on sun-exposed areas like the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. Cumulative exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds is a risk factor for skin SCC.
Beyond the skin, SCC can also form on mucous membranes, the moist linings inside the body. Common internal sites include the mouth, throat, and voice box (larynx), with tobacco and alcohol use being significant risk factors. The esophagus, lungs, cervix, and anus also contain squamous cells and can be affected. Genital SCC can be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Identifying Potential Signs
Recognizing potential signs of squamous cell carcinoma involves observing changes in the skin or persistent symptoms elsewhere. On the skin, SCC may appear as a red, scaly patch, a firm red bump, or a sore that does not heal. These lesions might crust, bleed, or resemble warts. Any new or changing growth, or a sore that persists for weeks, warrants medical attention.
In internal locations, symptoms vary by affected area. For instance, SCC in the mouth or throat might cause persistent sores, difficulty swallowing, or voice changes. A persistent cough or shortness of breath could indicate SCC in the lungs. These symptoms are not exclusive to cancer and can be caused by other conditions.
How Squamous Cell Carcinoma is Diagnosed and Treated
Diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma typically begins with a physical examination by a healthcare provider, who will inspect the suspicious area and inquire about its history. If a suspicious lesion is found, a biopsy is performed, where a small tissue sample is removed for microscopic examination to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs may be used to determine the size of the tumor or if it has spread, particularly for more advanced cases.
Treatment approaches depend on the cancer’s size, location, and whether it has spread. Surgery is a common treatment, involving removal of the cancerous tissue and a margin of healthy surrounding tissue. Mohs surgery, a specialized technique, removes thin layers of tissue until no cancer cells remain, often used for facial cancers. Other treatments include radiation therapy, which uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, and topical chemotherapy for superficial lesions. For advanced or widespread cases, systemic treatments like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy may be employed.
Outlook and Ongoing Care
The outlook for squamous cell carcinoma is generally favorable, especially when detected and treated early. Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment and a high survival rate. Even if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, it can often be managed with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.
Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are important after treatment to monitor for recurrence and detect new lesions early. Adopting sun-protective behaviors, such as wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen, is recommended to reduce the risk of new skin cancers. For individuals with a history of SCC, lifelong monitoring helps ensure any potential issues are addressed promptly.