Sparkling water, defined as plain water infused with carbon dioxide (CO2), is a popular alternative to still water that is generally safe for consumption during pregnancy. This fizzy option, including seltzer, is not associated with any direct harm to the developing fetus or the overall health of the expectant mother. Many find the bubbles refreshing and report that the carbonation helps to relieve mild nausea.
The Core Safety Assessment
Carbonation involves dissolving carbon dioxide gas into water under pressure, creating the bubbles. When consumed, this CO2 is released from the liquid and is either absorbed into the digestive tract or expelled through burping. This process does not introduce harmful substances into the bloodstream that could reach the placenta.
The carbonation itself does not pose a risk to fetal development, as the gas is handled entirely by the maternal digestive and respiratory systems. However, the release of CO2 in the stomach can lead to minor, temporary physical effects. These effects include bloating, increased flatulence, and mild abdominal distension. These symptoms are considered a temporary inconvenience rather than a health risk.
Hidden Ingredients and Additives
While plain seltzer is safe, concerns arise when consuming flavored, enhanced, or mineralized sparkling beverages. These products often contain added ingredients that require careful consideration during pregnancy. It is important to distinguish between simple seltzer and complex, packaged sparkling drinks.
Many diet or zero-calorie sparkling drinks use artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame and sucralose. These are considered safe for consumption in moderation, but some pregnant individuals may prefer to limit or avoid them. Saccharin, another non-nutritive sweetener, is often advised against because it can cross the placenta and may linger in fetal tissue.
Some mineral waters and club sodas contain higher levels of sodium compared to plain seltzer. For those managing blood pressure concerns or experiencing swelling, it is important to monitor the sodium content on the nutrition label. Certain “energy” or “enhanced” sparkling waters may contain caffeine, which must be tracked against the recommended daily limit of 200 milligrams during pregnancy.
Managing Gastrointestinal Discomfort
Carbonated beverages may worsen a common symptom of pregnancy: acid reflux, or heartburn. The gas pressure created by the bubbles can increase the volume within the stomach. This increased pressure can push stomach acid up through the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is already relaxed due to hormonal changes.
If a pregnant person is experiencing frequent heartburn, carbonated drinks may exacerbate the symptoms. To reduce discomfort, sip the sparkling water slowly instead of gulping it down. Consuming it with a meal, rather than on an empty stomach, may also help buffer the effect. If discomfort is pronounced, switching entirely to still water is the most effective mitigation strategy.
Dental Considerations
Sparkling water contains carbonic acid, which forms when CO2 dissolves in water, making it slightly more acidic than plain tap water. This slight acidity can cause minimal erosion of tooth enamel over time. Plain sparkling water typically has a pH of around 5 or higher, which is considered minimally erosive.
The risk of enamel erosion is heightened during pregnancy due to increased susceptibility from frequent vomiting or acid reflux. Flavored sparkling waters, especially those containing citric acid for flavor, have a lower pH and are more erosive than the plain variety. Mitigation strategies include rinsing the mouth with plain water immediately after consumption. Dental experts advise against brushing teeth right after consuming acidic beverages to prevent further damage to temporarily softened enamel.