Shining sumac, scientifically known as Rhus copallinum, is a plant often confused with its toxic relatives, such as poison ivy or poison sumac. However, this species does not contain the irritating compounds found in those plants. Understanding its distinct characteristics helps in identification and prevents unnecessary concern. This article clarifies these differences and explores the plant’s beneficial aspects.
Identifying Shining Sumac
Shining sumac is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to eastern North America, typically reaching heights of 11 to 18 feet. Its leaves are pinnately compound, meaning multiple leaflets are arranged along a central stem. Each leaf is composed of 9 to 21 oblong, shiny, dark-green leaflets with smooth margins.
A distinguishing feature is the “winged” rachis, which is a thin, leafy extension found along the central stalk between the leaflets. This characteristic gives it the common name “winged sumac.” In autumn, these lustrous green leaves transform into vibrant shades of orange and fiery red.
Small, greenish-yellow flowers appear in dense, terminal clusters during mid to late summer. Following pollination, female plants produce red, fuzzy, berry-like fruits, known as drupes. These conical fruit clusters remain on the plant through winter.
Shining sumac often grows in dry, open areas such as fields, roadsides, and along forest edges. It is adaptable to various soil types, including clay, loam, and sand, and exhibits high drought tolerance. The plant spreads by root suckers, often forming dense colonies or thickets.
The Critical Distinction: Shining Sumac vs. Poison Sumac
Confusion regarding shining sumac stems from its name, which can evoke associations with poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix). Unlike shining sumac, poison sumac contains urushiol, an oily sap responsible for allergic reactions. Contact with urushiol can lead to symptoms such as an itchy, red rash, swelling, and blisters.
A key difference lies in their preferred habitats. Shining sumac thrives in dry, upland environments, while poison sumac is found exclusively in very wet, swampy areas, bogs, and wetlands. This habitat distinction is a reliable indicator. Poison sumac typically grows as a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 20 feet tall, with smooth, grayish bark.
Leaf structure provides clear distinctions. Shining sumac leaves possess the winged rachis, a flat, leafy extension along the central leaf stalk. In contrast, poison sumac has a smooth, unwinged rachis. Poison sumac leaves are pinnately compound with 7 to 13 leaflets, which are oval-elliptic with smooth margins and often have reddish stems.
The berries of these plants differ significantly. Shining sumac produces red, fuzzy berries that grow in upright, conical clusters. Poison sumac, conversely, bears small, smooth, white or grayish berries that hang in loose, drooping clusters. Remembering “berries white, take flight; berries red, no dread” can be a helpful mnemonic.
Beyond Toxicity: Culinary and Ecological Aspects
Shining sumac berries are safe for various uses. The red, tart berries have been traditionally used to make a refreshing, lemonade-like drink often called “sumac-ade.” To prepare this beverage, the berries are typically steeped in cold water, as boiling them can extract bitter tannins.
Beyond beverages, the dried and ground berries are utilized as a culinary spice. This spice, known for its rich red color and tart, citrusy flavor, is a common ingredient in Middle Eastern cuisine. It can enhance the taste of meats, vegetables, salads, and even desserts, often serving as a garnish or a component in spice blends like za’atar.
Shining sumac plays a role in local ecosystems. Its berries serve as a food source for various wildlife, including birds and small mammals, particularly during winter months when other food sources are scarce. Deer also browse on its twigs.
The plant’s spreading root system makes it useful for erosion control, especially on slopes and in disturbed areas. Its attractive fall foliage contributes to its ornamental value in naturalized landscapes. It also supports pollinators, including bees, and serves as a host plant for certain butterflies and moths, such as the red-banded hairstreak and the luna moth.