Sepsis is not contagious from person to person. It is a severe response of the body to an existing infection. While the underlying infection that triggers sepsis might be contagious, sepsis itself cannot be directly transmitted.
Understanding Sepsis
Sepsis is a medical emergency that arises when the body’s response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. It is not an infection itself, but a life-threatening overreaction of the immune system. When germs enter the body and cause an infection, the immune system normally fights it off.
However, in sepsis, this protective response becomes unbalanced, leading to widespread inflammation. This uncontrolled inflammation can cause blood clots and leaking blood vessels, reducing blood flow to vital organs. This can result in tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and organ failure.
The Path to Sepsis
Sepsis always originates from an infection. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms. Common infections that trigger sepsis often start in the lungs, like pneumonia, or in the urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal system. For instance, a simple cut, if left untreated, could lead to sepsis.
The body’s immune system, attempting to eliminate the infection, can release a flood of chemicals into the bloodstream. This intense immune response, sometimes called a “cytokine storm,” can overwhelm the body and cause extensive inflammation. Instead of only targeting invading germs, the immune system’s overactive response damages the body’s own healthy tissues and organs. This dysregulated response means the immune system struggles to fight the original infection while simultaneously causing harm.
Certain individuals face a higher likelihood of developing sepsis. Risk factors include being very young (infants) or elderly (over 65), having chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or lung disease, and possessing a weakened immune system due to conditions such as cancer or HIV. Recent surgery, hospitalization, severe injuries like burns, or medical devices such as catheters also increase susceptibility.
Protecting Against Sepsis
Preventing infections is the primary way to reduce the risk of developing sepsis. Good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, prevents the spread of germs. Keeping cuts and wounds clean and covered helps prevent bacteria from entering the body.
Staying current with recommended vaccinations, including those for flu and pneumonia, can prevent serious infections that might lead to sepsis. Managing chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or lung disease, is also important, as well-controlled conditions strengthen the body’s ability to fight off infections. Seeking routine medical care for these conditions helps maintain overall health.
Recognizing the signs of sepsis and seeking immediate medical attention is important for better outcomes. Symptoms can be vague and may include fever or low body temperature, chills, rapid heartbeat, fast breathing, confusion, extreme pain, or clammy skin. If an infection is not improving or seems to be worsening, prompt medical evaluation is necessary, as early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and intravenous fluids can improve survival chances.