Sunburn is an inflammatory reaction caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, primarily UVB rays. UV light damages the DNA in skin cells, triggering a defense mechanism that results in the characteristic redness, heat, and pain of a burn. The immediate relief of cool ocean water often prompts the question of whether salt water is a beneficial treatment for this type of skin injury. The answer depends on understanding the biological interaction between concentrated salt and already damaged skin tissue.
The Immediate Effect of Salt Water on Sunburnt Skin
The initial sensation of cool seawater on sunburnt skin is temporary and primarily due to the water’s lower temperature. Seawater is a hypertonic solution, meaning it has a higher concentration of salt and dissolved solids than the fluids inside human cells. This concentration difference creates an osmotic gradient across the skin’s surface.
When sunburnt tissue is submerged, osmosis causes water to move out of the skin cells and into the concentrated salt water. This movement actively draws moisture out of the already dehydrated and inflamed skin cells, accelerating the drying process. As the saltwater dries, it leaves behind microscopic salt crystals. These crystals act as tiny irritants on the damaged surface, leading to stinging, increased redness, and discomfort.
Understanding Sunburn as a Compromised Barrier
Sunburn compromises the skin’s outermost protective layer, the stratum corneum. This layer prevents water loss and blocks the entry of external irritants. UV damage disrupts the integrity of this barrier, leading to increased water loss and making the skin more permeable.
The reduced barrier function means the skin can no longer effectively regulate its moisture content or shield the underlying tissue. With this protective shield compromised, the hypertonic salt water penetrates easily and draws out moisture rapidly. This vulnerability increases the risk of dehydration and makes the inflamed tissue highly susceptible to stinging caused by salt ions.
Recommended Treatment for Sunburn Relief
Since salt water is detrimental to healing sunburnt skin, proper care focuses on cooling, moisturizing, and hydration. The first step is to cool the skin and reduce inflammation by taking a short, cool shower or bath. Use fresh, cool water and avoid applying ice directly to the burn, as extreme cold can cause tissue damage.
Topical Care
Immediately after cooling, apply a moisturizing agent while the skin is still damp to trap surface water. Look for lotions or gels containing ingredients like aloe vera, which has anti-inflammatory properties, or ceramides, which help repair the damaged skin barrier. Avoid products containing alcohol, as these are drying, and steer clear of petroleum-based ointments, which can trap heat and worsen the burn.
Internal Hydration and Pain Relief
Internal hydration is necessary because sunburn draws fluid away from the body to the skin’s surface. Drinking plenty of water helps prevent systemic dehydration and supports natural healing processes. For pain and inflammation management, over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, may be taken. If the burn is severe, with large blisters, fever, or signs of infection, seek medical attention immediately.