Sage is generally considered deer resistant, though this protection is not absolute. Sage plants belong to the Salvia genus, a large group of over 900 species that share characteristics making them unappealing to browsing animals. Its resistance level can fluctuate based on the specific variety and the local environment. Understanding why deer avoid sage and the conditions under which they might resort to eating it is important for protecting your landscape.
The Mechanism of Deer Resistance
The deer-resistant quality of sage is a defense mechanism built into the plant’s structure and chemistry. Sage leaves contain high concentrations of aromatic essential oils, which are primarily a class of organic compounds called terpenes. These volatile compounds, which include substances like camphor, borneol, and eucalyptol, emit a strong, pungent scent that is distasteful to deer. The bitterness and strong flavor act as an internal deterrent, signaling that the plant is not a desirable food source. Additionally, many sage varieties possess a fuzzy or rough leaf texture, often described as woolly or hairy, which is physically unpleasant for deer to chew.
Variability in Resistance Among Sage Types
Not all species within the Salvia genus offer the same level of protection from deer browsing. Highly aromatic and textured varieties, such as Salvia officinalis (common culinary sage) and Salvia nemorosa (woodland sage), are placed in the highest resistance category. These types are consistently shunned by deer due to their potent chemical and physical properties. Salvia greggii (Autumn Sage) and Salvia yangii (Russian Sage) are also reliably resistant and are excellent choices for deer-prone areas. However, some ornamental species, particularly those grown as annuals like the bright red-flowering Salvia splendens, may be occasionally sampled. These tender varieties often have lower concentrations of defensive compounds or less pronounced leaf texture, making them slightly more vulnerable.
Contextual Factors Influencing Deer Damage
Although sage is an unpalatable choice, external pressures can cause deer to ignore their natural aversion. The most significant factor is extreme food scarcity, such as during severe winter weather or prolonged drought when other preferred forage is unavailable. Deer are opportunistic feeders; if their normal diet of grasses, fruits, and nuts is gone, they may resort to eating plants they usually dislike. High local deer population density also increases the likelihood of damage, as competition for food forces animals to expand their diet. Furthermore, young or newly planted sage is more susceptible to browsing than mature, established plants. The fresh, tender growth of a new plant may be sampled before the deer fully registers the unpleasant taste and texture.
Protecting Sage and Deterrence Strategies
Gardeners can employ a combination of physical and sensory deterrents to ensure their sage plants remain untouched.
Physical Barriers
Physical barriers are the most reliable method, with a permanent fence being the ultimate solution. A fence designed to exclude deer should be at least seven to eight feet tall, as deer are capable of clearing lower obstacles. For smaller areas, a temporary barrier of netting or a “psychological fence” can be used. This involves stringing parallel wires or fishing line at varying heights, such as three and six feet, which confuses the deer’s depth perception and discourages jumping.
Chemical and Sensory Deterrents
Chemical deterrents use scent or taste to repel deer and can be sprayed directly onto ornamental sage foliage. These commercial repellents often contain compounds like putrescent egg solids or capsaicin. They must be reapplied frequently, especially after rain or new growth. Motion-activated sprinklers or noise-makers provide a sudden, startling sensory shock that trains deer to avoid the area.
Placement Strategies
Another effective strategy is companion planting, placing sage near other plants deer also avoid, like lavender or rosemary. Strategic placement of sage near high-traffic areas or close to the home can also work, as deer are generally wary of human activity.