R-22 refrigerant, also known as Chlorodifluoromethane or Freon, is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) gas historically used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. While often considered low toxicity, R-22 poses significant health hazards when released in high concentrations in an enclosed space. The danger stems from its physical properties and its effect on the heart and central nervous system during large exposure. Leaks in confined spaces or intentional misuse can quickly lead to severe poisoning and death.
Acute Dangers of Inhalation
Inhaling high concentrations of R-22 gas creates two distinct, life-threatening dangers. The first is asphyxiation, which occurs because the refrigerant vapor is significantly heavier than air. When a large leak happens, the dense R-22 quickly displaces breathable oxygen in a confined area, especially near the floor or in basements.
This displacement of air rapidly reduces the oxygen concentration to dangerously low levels. Oxygen deprivation can lead to loss of consciousness and, if exposure continues, death. Intentional misuse, such as deeply inhaling the vapors, can cause rapid suffocation without warning symptoms.
The second danger is cardiac sensitization, which affects the heart’s electrical stability. High concentrations of R-22 in the bloodstream can make the heart muscle sensitive to the natural hormone adrenaline. This increased sensitivity can trigger irregular heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias.
These irregular rhythms can destabilize the heart’s function, potentially leading to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest. Medical professionals are advised against administering catecholamine drugs, such as epinephrine, to treat R-22 poisoning unless it is a dire emergency.
Symptoms of Exposure and Contact Risks
Exposure to lower concentrations of R-22 can still produce noticeable physical symptoms, mainly affecting the central nervous system. Early signs of mild inhalation exposure include headache, dizziness, light-headedness, and lack of coordination. These symptoms, along with confusion and nausea, indicate the gas is interfering with normal brain function.
More severe exposure can result in central nervous system depression, leading to drowsiness, slurred speech, and potentially temporary unconsciousness or coma. These neurological symptoms typically resolve quickly once the person is moved to fresh air.
Beyond inhalation, R-22 also presents a direct physical contact hazard because it is stored and released as a pressurized liquid. When the liquid rapidly depressurizes and evaporates upon contact with skin or eyes, it absorbs a significant amount of heat from the tissue. This rapid temperature drop causes a severe cold injury known as chemical frostbite.
Contact with liquid R-22 can cause severe irritation and tissue damage to the skin and eyes, similar to a thermal burn. The liquid’s low boiling point means that even brief contact can result in painful chemical frostbite. In the eyes, this contact can cause severe irritation, corneal damage, or blindness.
Safe Handling and Emergency Action
Preventing R-22 exposure begins with understanding the regulatory status of the substance. Its production and import for new equipment have been phased out due to environmental concerns. Any system still utilizing R-22 should be serviced exclusively by certified professionals who are trained in safe handling and leak detection protocols.
If a leak is suspected, especially in a poorly ventilated area, the immediate action is to evacuate and move the affected person to fresh air. If the individual is not breathing, artificial respiration should be started. If breathing is difficult, supplemental oxygen can be administered by a qualified operator.
For direct contact with liquid R-22, the affected area should be immediately flushed with large amounts of lukewarm water. It is important not to rub the affected area, as this can worsen the tissue damage from the frostbite. In all cases of suspected poisoning or chemical contact, emergency medical services should be contacted right away.